Behavior refers to the observable actions and reactions of an individual or organism in response to internal or external stimuli.
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What are the key components of behavior?
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The key components of behavior include stimuli, response, and reinforcement.
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What is Behavior?
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Behavior refers to the observable actions and reactions of an individual or organism in response to internal or external stimuli.
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Define Behavior in the context of psychology.
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In psychology, behavior is the observable actions and reactions of an individual or organism in response to internal or external stimuli.
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What is the definition of behavior?
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A single term to describe an incredibly complex pattern of actions, interactions, reactions, and cognition
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How do behaviors contribute to a person's identity?
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The combination of behaviors make up a person
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What does the term 'behavioral growth' imply?
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Behavioral growth generally implies an increase in size and proficiency and frequency in a behavioral context.
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How is growth defined in the context of behavioral growth?
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Growth in the context of behavioral growth implies an increase in size.
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What does development imply in the context of behavioral development?
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An increase in complexity or a new entity
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How is behavioral development defined?
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A new behavior or transition from one stage to another in a behavioral context
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What is the role of behavior in maintaining oral health?
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Behavior includes dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, and lifestyle choices that influence the health of the teeth and gums.
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How does diet affect oral health?
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Diet impacts oral health by influencing the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Sugary and acidic foods can contribute to tooth decay.
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What are the three components of Oral Health and Behavior?
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Communication, Motivation, Ability
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What does Communication refer to in the context of Oral Health and Behavior?
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Effective communication between healthcare providers and patients.
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What is the significance of behavior in dental care?
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Behavior is critical to interactions with patients and our ability to deliver care.
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How does behavior impact treatment outcomes?
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Behavior impacts acceptance and satisfaction with treatment, as well as the likelihood of success.
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What role does behavior play in oral health or disease?
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Behavior is a major determinant of oral health or disease.
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What does 'Communication' refer to in the context of behavioral development theories?
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The exchange of information between individuals, which is crucial for understanding and influencing behavior.
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What does 'Motivation' mean in the context of behavioral development theories?
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The internal or external factors that initiate, sustain, and direct behavior.
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What does 'Ability' signify in the context of behavioral development theories?
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The capacity or skill to perform a task or achieve a goal, which can influence behavior.
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What is Classical Conditioning?
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A learning process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
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Who developed the theory of Cognitive Development?
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Jean Piaget
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What is Interaction Development according to Erikson?
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The theory that describes the stages of development based on the interaction between the individual and their environment.
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What does classical conditioning focus on?
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Physical and physiologic responses
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What does operant conditioning deal with?
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Behaviors, stimuli, and responses
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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An outside factor that triggers a physiologic (unconditioned) response
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What is an unconditioned response?
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The natural response to a stimulus
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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A stimulus that does not trigger a response
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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A neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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What is a conditioned response?
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A learned response to the conditioned stimulus
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What is positive reinforcement in the context of behavior conditioning?
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Positive reinforcement is associating positive stimuli with desired behavior, thereby conditioning that behavior to occur more frequently.
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What is negative reinforcement in the context of behavior conditioning?
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Negative reinforcement is associating negative stimuli with undesired behavior, thereby conditioning that behavior to occur less frequently.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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A behavior is followed by a positive stimulus, leading to an increase in that behavior.
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What is negative reinforcement?
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A behavior is followed by the removal of a negative stimulus, leading to an increase in that behavior.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Positive reinforcement is a behavior modification technique where a desirable behavior is followed by a positive stimulus, leading to an increase in the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
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How does positive reinforcement work in the context of a dental appointment?
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In a dental appointment, positive reinforcement involves rewarding a patient for good behavior (e.g., doing well) with a positive stimulus (e.g., a toy), which increases the likelihood of the patient behaving well again in future appointments.
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What is negative reinforcement?
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The removal of an undesirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
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How does negative reinforcement work in the context of a dental appointment?
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The patient opening wide results in the removal of the bite block, which the patient associates with avoiding the undesirable stimulus.
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What is the definition of withdrawal in the context of behavior modification?
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An undesired behavior results in the removal of a positive stimulus. The patient associates the undesired behavior with the loss of a desired stimulus.
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How does the patient's behavior change during a dental appointment when the TV is turned off?
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The patient behaves poorly due to the removal of a positive stimulus (TV).
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What is the hand-over-mouth technique?
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A negative stimulus introduced to a patient to discourage undesired behavior.
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What is the purpose of the hand-over-mouth technique?
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To punish the patient by associating movement with a negative stimulus.
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What is Positive Reinforcement?
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A behavior is increased by the introduction of a positive stimulus.
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What is Negative Reinforcement?
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A behavior is increased by the removal of a negative stimulus.
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What is the definition of communication in the context of classical conditioning?
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Communication is a Stimulus
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What type of communication is used for desired behaviors in classical conditioning?
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Positive communication
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What type of communication is used for undesired behaviors in classical conditioning?
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Negative communication
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What is classical conditioning in the context of dental motivation?
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Classical conditioning is a psychological process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, leading to the neutral stimulus alone eventually eliciting the same response.
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What are the two outcomes mentioned for dental work in the slide?
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The two outcomes mentioned are getting a better smile and avoiding pain.
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What is the discount offered if the patient has less plaque next time?
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The discount offered is a 10% discount.
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What is the purpose of reinforcement in classical conditioning?
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To reinforce behaviors we want a patient to do
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What is an example of reinforcement in classical conditioning?
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You did good brushing
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What does classical conditioning generally consider about behaviors?
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Behaviors are consistent and predictable.
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What does the slide imply about the complexity of human behavior compared to classical conditioning?
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People are more complex than stimulus response, and what is considered positive or negative can be very complex.
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What does classical conditioning describe?
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Classical conditioning describes some, but certainly not all of behavior.
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How does thought influence behavior according to the slide?
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Thought can change the interpretation of stimuli and responses.
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How does behavior change as people grow up?
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People think differently as they grow up.
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What are the four phases of cognitive development according to Piaget?
What is the focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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How the individual thinks during these ages
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What is the age range for the Sensorimotor stage?
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0-2 years old
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What is the major focus of the Sensorimotor stage?
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Sensation and manipulation
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What are some examples of learning during the Sensorimotor stage?
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Learn by touching and sensing, develop object permanence, distinguish entities in the world, discover that actions can impact the world
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What are the expectations for communication and behavior in a dental setting?
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Clear, respectful, and professional communication is expected. Behavior should be calm and cooperative.
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What is the value of touch/sensation to understanding in a dental context?
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Touch and sensation play a crucial role in patient understanding and comfort during dental procedures.
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What is the age range for the Preoperational Stage?
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Age 2-7 years
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What is the major focus of the Preoperational Stage?
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Development of language and communication
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What are some examples of activities in the Preoperational Stage?
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Pretend play, egocentric viewpoints and perspectives, thinking in terms of immediate cause and effect
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What is the most important thing mentioned in the slide?
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The most important thing is not explicitly stated, but it seems to be a placeholder or a prompt for the audience to consider.
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What are the key strategies mentioned for effective communication in the context of dental care?
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The key strategies mentioned are: 1) Communicate direct consequences, 2) Center around the childâs experience, and 3) Can use models and examples.
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What is the age range for the Concrete Operational stage?
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7 - 11 years
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What is the major focus of the Concrete Operational stage?
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Logical thought begins
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What are some examples of abilities in the Concrete Operational stage?
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Can understand conversion and equivalence, still think very concretely, can use inductive logic â detail to principle, struggle with abstracts and hypotheticals
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What are the key steps to establish home care as important in dental education?
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Focus on real circumstances and things students care about now.
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How can examples be used to help students understand dental instructions?
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Use examples to help them understand things.
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What is the age range for the Formal Operation stage?
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Age 12 and up
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What is the major focus of the Formal Operation stage?
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Abstract thought and improved logic
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What are some examples of skills developed during the Formal Operation stage?
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Can reason and view hypotheticals, can use deductive logic, awareness of morals, ethics, philosophy, awareness of the world and diversity of viewpoints
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What are the characteristics of the formal operational stage in cognitive development?
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Can make bigger leaps in consequence and judgement, can describe hypothetical situations, has room for lots of growth
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What is the formal operational stage in cognitive development?
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The stage where individuals can think abstractly and reason logically about hypothetical situations.
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What does the slide state about effective communication?
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Effective communication changes based on an individual's stage of development.
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What are the two aspects mentioned in the slide that affect the complexity of statements?
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Tenses and Orders.
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What does formal operational thought refer to in the context of motivation?
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It refers to the ability to consider hypothetical future problems and think abstractly.
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How does future consequences differ from direct consequences in motivation?
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Future consequences involve thinking about the long-term effects of actions, while direct consequences focus on immediate results.
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What does the term 'ability' refer to in the context of child development?
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The expectation of skills that changes as a child grows and develops.
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What skill might a child develop and acquire?
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The skill of toothbrushing.
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What does Erikson's Stages of Internal Development suggest about interactions with others?
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Interactions in key stages shape an individualâs future behaviors.
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How do interactions with others according to Erikson's theory influence our behaviors?
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They shape our future behaviors.
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What is Erikson's Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust?
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Trust vs. Mistrust occurs during infancy from birth to 18 months.
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What are the ages associated with Erikson's Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority?
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Industry vs. Inferiority takes place during middle school years from six to 11.
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Which stage is associated with the teenage years from 12 to 18?
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Identity vs. Confusion is the stage associated with the teenage years from 12 to 18.
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What is the significance of developing trust in a caregiver during the first year of life?
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It leads to the propensity to trust or doubt others throughout life.
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How does the development of trust and mistrust in early childhood influence an individual's behavior later in life?
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It affects their tendency to trust or doubt others.
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What does autonomy mean in the context of children's development?
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The ability to do things on their own
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What is the impact of being shamed on a child's development?
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Results in feelings of doubt and limited autonomy
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What is the stage of development where children begin to assert control?
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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What happens when children experience success in this stage?
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Confidence and ability to take charge
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What emotional response do children experience when they fail in this stage?
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Guilt and increased self-doubt
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What are the consequences of success in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
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Competence
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What are the consequences of failure in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
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Inferiority and lacking motivation
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What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is described in the slide?
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Identity vs. Confusion
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What is the key outcome of successfully navigating the Identity vs. Confusion stage?
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Confidence and strong sense of identity
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What is the consequence of failing to successfully navigate the Identity vs. Confusion stage?
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Confusion and lacking identity
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What stage of life is the focus of the slide?
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18 to 40 years
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What happens during the intimacy vs. isolation stage?
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Young adults begin to form relationships with peers, sharing personal identities with others
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What are the consequences of success during this stage?
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Increased confidence, successful relationships, and increased ability to form relationships
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What is the stage of life referred to as Generativity vs. Stagnation?
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40 to 65 years
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What does the term 'Generativity' in this stage of life imply?
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Adults look to create or nurture outside of themselves, often through having children, but also by pursuing art, creative projects, or lasting commitments
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What are the outcomes of success and failure in this stage?
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Success leads to fulfillment and accomplishment, failure leads to withdrawal from the world
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What are the two stages of the 'Integrity vs. Despair' stage in Erik Erikson's theory?
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Integrity and Despair
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What happens when older adults reflect back on their life and accomplishments?
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They experience happiness, feelings of wisdom and accomplishment, and confidence.
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What emotional outcomes result from failure in previous stages according to Erikson?
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Regret, disappointment, bitterness, and further withdrawal.
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What does the slide emphasize about individual development?
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Individual development occurs, but the environment contextualizes, provides emphasis/discouragement, and influences perspectives.
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How do social and cultural environments impact individual development?
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The social and cultural environments have an impact on individual development.
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
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The Zone of Proximal Development is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with guidance from a more skilled person.
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What is Scaffolding in the context of intellectual adaptation?
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Scaffolding refers to the temporary support provided by a more knowledgeable other to help a learner achieve a task they cannot do alone.
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What is the difference between Private Speech and Inner Speech?
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Private Speech is the self-talk that occurs when a person is engaged in a task, while Inner Speech is the silent, internal dialogue that occurs when a person is not actively engaged in a task.
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What are the tools of intellectual adaptation mentioned in the slide?