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Question 1
What are pathological lesions?
Abnormal growths or changes in tissue that can be indicative of disease.
Question 2
What components are found in saliva?
- Minerals - electrolytes - buffers - enzymes - immunoglobulins - metabolic wastes
Question 3
How is saliva secretion regulated?
Autonomic nervous system
Question 4
What are the inorganic ions/electrolytes found in saliva?
K, NaCl, Ca, Mg, P, F, Carbonate
Question 5
List the organic components/peptides in saliva.
Carbonate, Urea, Glucose, Lipids, Proteins, amylase, mucin, lysozyme, albumin, IgA, IgG, IgM
Question 6
What types of cells are found in saliva?
Epithelial cells shed from oral epithelium, neutrophils from gingival crevices, lymphocytes from tonsils, bacteria
Question 7
Function of saliva
1. Washes surfaces of teeth → reduce carries 2. Acid-neutralization → enamel buffering = protection 3. Helps pellicle formation → protective membrane 4. Prevents dryness + lubrication 5. Mastication and swallowing food 6. Antibacterial action (immune response)
Question 8
What is the definition of a gland?
A structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for body functioning
Question 9
What is the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
Exocrine: has associated duct Endocrine: does not have a duct and secretes hormones directly into the blood
Question 10
List the major glands of the endocrine system.
pineal, pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid, parathyroid, hypothalamus, adrenal
Question 11
Salivary glands are endo or exocrine?
Exocrine glands
Question 12
Major and minor salivary glands composed of:
Epithelium and Connective Tissue
Question 13
Function of epithelial cells in salivary glands?
Line duct system and produce saliva
Question 14
What role does connective tissue play in salivary glands?
Surrounds, protects, supports the gland
Question 15
What is the function of the acini in the salivary gland?
Secretory units that produce saliva
Question 16
What are the two types of secretory cells?
Mucous and Serous
Question 17
What is the main product of mucous cells?
A mucous product with mainly mucins
Question 18
Function of the serous cells?
Secretes serous fluid with proteons and glycoproteins, produces amylase starch into sugars
Question 19
Where are Acini located in the gland?
terminal portion of the gland connected to the ductal system
Question 20
What structure does an Acinus consist of?
A single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a lumen.
Question 21
Forms of acini?
Serous, Mucous, Mucoserous
Question 22
What is the characteristic of serous acini?
- Serous cells - watery serous product - narrow lumen
Question 23
What is the characteristic of mucous acini?
- mucous cells - produce viscous mucous product - wider lumen
Question 24
What is the characteristic of mucoserous acini?
- Serous cells superficial to mucous secretory cells - called 'serous demilune' - produce mixed secretory product
Question 25
What is the consistency of serous secretions compared to mucous secretions?
Serous = watery, Mucous = thicker, more viscous.
Question 26
What are the main components secreted by serous cells?
Mostly proteins + small amount of carbohydrates
Question 27
What are the main components secreted by mucous cells?
high in carbohydrates and lower in proteins
Question 28
What is the function of zymogen granules in serous cells?
precursors of amylase → breakdown of carbohydrates
Question 29
What is the consistency of serous secretions?
Serous cells
Question 30
What is mucin?
hydrophilic coating for hard and soft tissues
Question 31
Which innervation is associated with serous secretions?
Parasympathetic - eating and digestion, watery
Question 32
Which innervation is associated with mucous secretions?
Sympathetic - fight/flight, thick
Question 33
What are the two main types of acini shown in the figure?
Mucous acinus and serous acinus
Question 34
Function of myoepithelial cell process in the serous acinus?
helps contraction of acinus → expel secretions • responds to neurotransmitters • on surface of acini • shorten and widen lumen of ducts
Question 35
How do the ducts change as they move away from the acinus?
The ducts grow larger.
Question 36
What are intercalated ducts and what do they connect?
Connect the secretory end pieces with striated ducts
Question 37
What are striated ducts and what is their main function?
main intralobular ductal component
Question 38
What is the structure of the striated duct?
It is a hollow tube lined with a single layer of columnar epithelial cells
Question 39
What is the function of the striated duct in saliva modification?
resorbs + secretes electrolytes into saliva from blood
Question 40
What is the function of the excretory or secretory duct in the salivary gland?
Saliva exits into the oral cavity through ducts
Question 41
Where are the excretory or secretory ducts located in the salivary gland?
septum of the gland
Question 42
What duct connects acini to the striated duct?
intercalated duct
Question 43
What is the final duct that empties saliva into the oral cavity?
excretory duct
Question 44
What are the three major salivary glands?
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
Question 45
What is the function of the parotid gland?
- produces saliva - largest
Question 46
What duct is associated with the parotid
Stensen's duct, serous, 25%
Question 47
What duct is associated with the submandibular gland
- Wharton's duct - mixed, mostly serous - 60%
Question 48
Where is the submandibular gland located?
beneath the mandible
Question 49
What is the sublingual gland responsible for?
Rivinus/Bartholin's duct mixed, mostly mucous 5-10%
Question 50
What is the sublingual caruncle?
- small, fleshy elevation on the floor of the mouth - located between the sublingual fold and submandibular gland
Question 51
What are the minor salivary glands and where are they located?
located throughout oral cavity, named for their location
Question 52
What are the types of glands in the cheeks and lips and what do they secrete?
- cheeks and lips = buccal + labial glands - mixed serous and mucous
Question 53
What are the glands in the hard and soft palate and what do they secrete?
The glands in the hard and soft palate are palatine glands, and they secrete pure mucous.
Question 54
How many different secretions do the lingual glands have based on location?
3 different secretions based on location: - anterior tip = mixed - circumvallate papillae = serous - tonsillar region = mucous
Question 55
minor salivary gland structure + contribution
- small cluster of acini and drained by a short duct - about 5% of total saliva
Question 56
In which week of prenatal development do the parotid glands appear?
Early 6th week
Question 57
What percentage of salivary gland tissue is lost with aging?
30%-60%
Question 58
What changes occur in the duct system during aging?
Changes in the duct system occur
Question 59
How does saliva production change in older individuals?
- less stimulated saliva production - more adipocytes
Question 60
What is a mucocele?
swelling caused by saliva retention in a minor salivary gland
Question 61
What is a ranula?
swelling caused by saliva retention in a sublingual or submandibular gland
Question 62
What are the treatments for a mucocele and a ranula?
Mucoceles = stone removal, surgical removal of the entire gland Ranulas = stone removal or surgical removal of the entire gland
Question 63
What is nicotinic stomatitis
Hard palate whitened by hyper-keratinization from chronic heat
Question 64
What does nicotinic stomatitis cuase
inflammation of duct openings of minor salivary glands-dilated
Question 65
What are the key properties of the thyroid gland?
- Largest endocrine gland, ductless - produces hormones directly into blood - 2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus - covered by a connective tissue capsule with septa dividing it into lobules - each follicle is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium enclosing colloid
Question 66
How many parathyroid glands are typically found and where are they located?
- 4-8 small endocrine glands - 2 on each side - close to the thyroid or inside it on its posterior surface
Question 67
What is the first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic development and from which it develops?
thyroid gland, from endoderm invaded by mesenchyme
Question 68
What is the origin of the thyroid gland and how does it migrate into the neck?
- from the thyroglossal duct - connects the median downgrowth at the base of the tongue to the normal position of the thyroid gland in the neck
Question 69
What is the function of the foramen cecum and where is it located?
- opening of the thyroglossal duct, a small pit-like depression - at apex of the sulcus terminalis - pointing backward toward the oropharynx
Question 70
What is a goiter?
- An enlarged thyroid gland - may be visible during an extraoral examination
Question 71
What are the characteristics of a goiter?
firm and tender when palpated and may contain hard masses
Question 72
What are lymph nodes and what is their function?
bean-shaped bodies, filter toxic products from lymph
Question 73
How are lymph nodes classified?
primary or secondary nodes Primary nodes drain into secondary nodes
Question 74
What is the histology of a lymph node?
- organized lymphoid tissue - containing lymphocytes to filter toxic products
Question 75
What are lymphatic nodules and what do they contain?
- masses of lymphocytes - each nodule contains a germinal center with immature lymphocytes
Question 76
How do lymphatic vessels develop?
Develop from blood vessels via budding + fusion of isolated cells of mesenchyme
Question 77
What is lymphadenopathy?
increase in size of individual lymphocytes and cell count in lymphoid tissue to fight disease better.
Question 78
What are the clinical considerations when a patient has an active disease?
lymph nodes respond → enlarged lymph nodes → change in consistency
Question 79
What are palatine tonsils and where are they located?
2 rounded masses of variable size between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars
Question 80
What are the key components of each mass of intraoral tonsillar tissue?
- contains fused-together lymphatic nodules - usually have germinal centers - 10-20 epithelial invaginations → form tonsillar crypts
Question 81
How do palatine tonsils contribute to tissue inflammation?
- deep, branching crypts where oral bacteria/lymphocyte discharge get lodged - leading to accumulation → tissue inflammation
Question 82
What is the location of the lingual tonsils?
- Base of dorsal surface of the tongue - posterior to the circumvallate lingual papillae
Question 83
What is the function of the lymphoid tissue in the lingual tonsils?
has lymphatic nodules with germinal centers and associated crypts
Question 84
How do the crypts in the lingual tonsils open?
non-branching and wide-mouthed, with ducts opening into them.
Question 85
What distinguishes the pharyngeal tonsil from the lingual and palatine tonsils?
Pharyngeal tonsil lacks crypts
Question 86
What structure replaces the crypts in the pharyngeal tonsil?
folds that appear as clefts in the mucosa
Question 87
What is the function of the mixed gland in the pharyngeal tonsil?
Drains the surface of the epithelium covering the gland
Question 88
What is the primary function of tonsils?
Lymphocytes production, or memory cells, that protect the body from foreign microorganisms.
Question 89
What happens to some lymphocytes after they transform into T cells?
Engulf bacteria or discharge substances to destroy them
Question 90
What do other lymphocytes become after transforming into B cells?
Differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, IgA
Question 91
What is the Mallampati Score and how is it classified?
- method used to assess the visibility of the oropharynx - four classes based on the visibility of the soft palate, uvula, and tonsils
Question 92
What are the four classes of the Mallampati Score?
Class 1: Soft palate and uvula are visible Class 2: Soft palate is visible, but the uvula is not Class 3: Only the soft palate is visible Class 4: None of the structures are visible
Question 93
What is the nasal cavity and how is it divided?
- inner space of nose that communicates with exterior through two nares - divided by the midline nasal septum - both bone and cartilage
Question 94
What are the nasal conchae and what do they do?
3 projecting structures on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity - extend inward - openings which paranasal sinuses/nasolacrimal ducts communicate with nasal cavity
Question 95
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Question 96
What are the functions of goblet cells in the nasal cavity?
Produce mucus to keep the mucosa moist, humid, and trap foreign materials
Question 97
What is the role of the lamina propria in the nasal cavity?
Extremely vascular and warms incoming breathed air
Question 98
What are paranasal sinuses?
Paired air-filled cavities in bone
Question 99
What are the four main types of paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary sinuses
Question 100
What is the histology of the paranasal sinuses?
Lined with respiratory mucosa consisting of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Question 101
What is the development timeline for the maxillary sinuses?
- Small at birth - grow until puberty - not fully developed until all permanent teeth have erupted in early adulthood
Question 102
At what age do ethmoidal sinuses start to grow?
6 to 8 years of age.
Question 103
When do frontal and sphenoidal sinuses become visible on radiographs?
By the seventh year.
Question 104
What is maxillary sinusitis and how can it spread?
- an infection of the maxillary sinus - spreads from a periapical abscess - associated with roots of a maxillary posterior tooth
Question 105
What are the clinical considerations for maxillary sinusitis during an extraction?
contaminated tooth/root fragments can be surgically displaced into the maxillary sinus