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Question 1
What is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?
A joint located on each side of the head, allowing for mandible movement for mastication, speech, and respiration.
Question 2
What are the key anatomical components of the TMJ?
The TMJ is the articulation of the temporal bone and mandible on each side of the head.
Question 3
When does the TMJ develop?
The TMJ develops in the 11th to 12th week of prenatal development.
Question 4
What is the mandibular notch?
The mandibular notch is the depression located between the coronoid process and the condylar process of the mandible.
Question 5
What is the alveolar process of the mandible?
The alveolar process of the mandible is the part that contains the sockets for the teeth.
Question 6
What is the articulating area of the TMJ on the temporal bone located on?
The inferior aspect of the temporal bone
Question 7
What are the two components of the articulating area on the temporal bone?
Articular eminence and articular fossa
Question 8
What is the function of the post-glenoid process?
It is a sharp ridge posterior to the articular fossa
Question 9
What is the mandibular bone and how does it articulate with the temporal bone?
The mandibular bone articulates with each temporal bone at the head of each mandibular condyle.
Question 10
What are the components of the condyle and what does fibrocartilage do?
The condyle consists of compact bone overlying cancellous bone. Fibrocartilage overlies the periosteum at the articulating surface of the condyle.
Question 11
Define Glenoid fossa and Articular eminence.
Glenoid fossa is a bony concavity that houses the joint where the condyle inserts. Articular eminence is a bony protrusion in which the condyle moves along.
Question 12
What is the location of a growth center in the mandibular condyle?
Head of each mandibular condyle
Question 13
What type of cartilage is found in the growth center of the mandibular condyle?
Hyaline cartilage
Question 14
What process replaces hyaline cartilage over time in the mandibular condyle?
Endochondral ossification
Question 15
What is the mandibular growth center in condyle and what does it allow?
The mandibular growth center in condyle allows the increased length of the mandible needed for larger permanent teeth and larger adult brain capacity.
Question 16
How does mandibular growth influence the overall face shape?
Mandibular growth influences the overall face shape.
Question 17
What is the growth pattern and what happens after full maturity?
The growth pattern is charted/referred to during orthodontic therapy. After full maturity, the condyle's growth center disappears.
Question 18
What is endochondral ossification?
The formation of the osteoid within a cartilage model that subsequently becomes mineralized and dies.
Question 19
What happens during endochondral ossification?
Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and form a primary ossification center that continues forming osteoid toward the ends of the bone during prenatal development.
Question 20
What are the two layers of the joint capsule and what do they consist of?
The outer layer is a firm fibrous connective tissue supported by surrounding ligaments, and the inner layer is a synovial membrane consisting of a thin connective tissue that contains nerves and blood vessels.
Question 21
What is the function of the joint disc in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
The joint disc functions as a pad between the articulating surfaces of the joint bones, providing a cushion and facilitating joint movements.
Question 22
What is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?
The TMJ is a complex joint that connects the mandible (lower jaw) to the temporal bone of the skull.
Question 23
What are the components of the TMJ shown in the image?
The components shown are the Temporal bone, External acoustic meatus, Joint capsule, Temporomandibular ligament, and Stylomandibular ligament.
Question 24
What divides the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) into two compartments?
Joint disc
Question 25
What is the function of the synovial membrane in the TMJ?
It produces synovial fluid.
Question 26
How is the joint disc attached to the mandibular condyle?
It is attached to the lateral and medial poles of the mandibular condyle.
Question 27
What is the Articular Eminence in the temporomandibular joint?
The Articular Eminence is the bony prominence on the temporal bone that forms the superior border of the mandibular fossa.
Question 28
What is the Synovial Cavities in the temporomandibular joint?
The Synovial Cavities are the spaces within the temporomandibular joint that contain synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint.
Question 29
What is the Mandibular Condyle in the temporomandibular joint?
The Mandibular Condyle is the rounded projection on the mandible that articulates with the Articular Fossa of the temporal bone.
Question 30
What is the function of the joint disc in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
The joint disc acts as a deformable pad between the non-congruent articular surfaces of joint bones.
Question 31
Describe the shape of the joint disc in cross-section.
In cross-section, the joint disc appears cap-like on the mandibular condyle, with its superior aspect concavo-convex from anterior to posterior and its inferior aspect concave.
Question 32
What are discal ligaments and what do they do?
Discal ligaments are attachments that limit the movement within the lower joint space to rotation.
Question 33
Define disc (articulate meniscus).
Disc (articulate meniscus) is a biconcave structure composed of dense collagen (hyaline) connective tissue.
Question 34
What is the anterior band of the disc and where does it insert?
The anterior band of the disc inserts into the superior belly of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
Question 35
What is the most relevant muscle to condylar movement in the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid
Question 36
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle originate?
Sphenoid bone
Question 37
What is the insertion point of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Condyle
Question 38
What are the origins of the Masseter muscle?
Superficial head: zygomatic process of maxilla and anterior two-thirds of inferior border of zygomatic arch; Deep head: posterior one-third and medial surface of zygomatic arch
Question 39
What is the insertion of the Temporalis muscle?
Coronoid process of mandibular ramus
Question 40
What are the associated movements of the Medial pterygoid muscle during bilateral contraction?
Elevation of mandible during closing of jaws
Question 41
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle in relation to the condyle?
The lateral pterygoid muscle pulls the condyle towards the right of the slide.
Question 42
What are the key anatomical structures mentioned in the slide?
The key structures mentioned are the lateral pterygoid muscle, condyle, and the bony and muscular structures involved in mandibular movement pathways.
Question 43
What are the three primary ligaments that support the TMJ?
Lateral and medial capsular ligament, discal ligaments (collateral ligaments)
Question 44
What are the two accessory ligaments that support the TMJ?
Stylomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular ligament
Question 45
What is the function of the accessory ligaments in relation to the primary ligaments?
They function with primary ligaments to limit excessive joint movements.
Question 46
What is the definition of rotation in the context of condylar movement?
Object turning about an axis
Question 47
What is the definition of translation in the context of condylar movement?
All points within an object have an identical motion
Question 48
Describe the sequence of condylar movement during jaw opening.
First, condyle undergoes a rotational movement, then it translates down the articular fossa to create an even wider opening of the mouth.
Question 49
What are the two basic types of mandible movement performed by TMJ and its associated muscles?
Gliding movement and rotational movement
Question 50
Where does the gliding movement of TMJ occur?
Between the disc and articular eminence of the temporal bone in the upper synovial cavity
Question 51
What are the movements accomplished during the rotational movement of TMJ?
Depression of mandible (lowering the lower jaw) or elevation of mandible (raising the lower jaw)
Question 52
What are the two types of jaw movements mentioned in the slide?
Gliding and rotation
Question 53
What movements occur during opening the jaws?
Depression and protrusion of mandible
Question 54
What movements occur during closing the jaws?
Elevation and retraction of mandible
Question 55
What is the functional movement of the condyle and disc of the temporomandibular joint during opening and closing?
The disc is rotated posteriorly on the condyle as the condyle is translated out of the fossa. The closing movement is the exact opposite of the opening movement.
Question 56
What are the key components of the temporomandibular joint?
Articular fossa, articular eminence, joint disc, postglenoid process, mandibular condyle.
Question 57
What is the movement of the mandible when it moves forward?
Protrusion of mandible
Question 58
What is the movement of the mandible when it moves backward?
Retraction of mandible
Question 59
What is the movement of the mandible when it closes the jaws?
Elevation and retraction of mandible
Question 60
What is the difference between the rotating condyle and the orbiting condyle?
The rotating condyle is the working side, rotating in the vertical axis, while the orbiting condyle is the non-working side, translating.
Question 61
During lateroprotrusive movements, which condyle rotates in place and which condyle rotates and translates?
The right condyle rotates in place, while the left condyle rotates and translates.
Question 62
What is lateral deviation of the mandible during mastication?
It involves shifting the lower jaw to one side.
Question 63
What movements occur during lateral deviation of the mandible?
Gliding and rotational movements of contralateral TMJs.
Question 64
What happens to the contralateral condyle and disc during lateral deviation?
They glide forward and medially on the articular eminence in the upper synovial cavity.
Question 65
What is the movement of the left condyle during lateroprotrusive movements?
The left condyle is rotating in place.
Question 66
What muscles are primarily contracting on the right side to move the jaw to the left?
The lateral pterygoid muscles are contracting.
Question 67
What is the most common cause of facial pain after toothache?
Temporomandibular disorder/dysfunction (TMD)
Question 68
What are the key symptoms of TMD?
Chronic joint tenderness, swelling, painful muscle spasms, limited/deviated mandibular opening
Question 69
Where is the TMJ palpated laterally?
At a depression inferior to each ear at the zygomatic arch and 1-2 cm anterior to tragus
Question 70
What are parafunctional habits and how do they relate to TMD?
Parafunctional habits include behaviors like clenching, bruxism, and excessive gum chewing, which can contribute to TMD.
Question 71
What are some factors that can cause trauma to the jaw and lead to TMD?
Trauma to the jaw can cause TMD, with the disc having adhesions to bony surfaces.
Question 72
What are some factors that can contribute to poor posture and TMJ symptoms?
Poor posture, such as holding the head forward or looking at a computer all day, can strain the muscles of the face and neck.
Question 73
What is myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome?
A condition where muscle pain is associated with muscle tissue trigger points.
Question 74
How can trigger points be localized?
By digital palpation intra-orally and extra-orally.
Question 75
What does the slide state about the role of TMD in causing earaches and headaches, neck and back pain, or instability?
Studies do not support the role of TMD in directly causing these symptoms.
Question 76
What are the different treatment options for clinical considerations?
Conservative and invasive options: stress management, relaxation therapy, NSAIDs, antidepressants, local anesthetics, muscle relaxants, steroids, heat/ice muscle applications, parafunctional habit control (splints), moderate home-based muscular exercises, maintaining good posture, safety measures, surgery (arthroscopy with an endoscope and lasers), replacement of jaw joint or disc with TMJ Implants, potentially tissue engineering.
Question 77
What diagnostic tests are mentioned for muscle and joint differential diagnosis?
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT is used for assessment of bony structures, and MRI for soft tissue study.
Question 78
What is subluxation in the context of TMD?
Subluxation occurs when the condyle head moves too far anteriorly past the articular eminence, preventing posterior movement due to bony relationship and spastic muscles.
Question 79
What are the key symptoms of subluxation?
Symptoms include trismus and inability to open the mouth.
Question 80
What is the recommended treatment for subluxation?
Treatment involves relaxing muscles and carefully moving the mandible downward and back to assume the usual posterior position.
Question 81
What is the term for a dislocation of both the joints or subluxation?
Dislocation of both the joints or subluxation
Question 82
What is the purpose of a lateral radiographic view in dental imaging?
To visualize the teeth and surrounding structures in a side view
Question 83
What is crepitation (crepitus) in the context of TMJ?
A crackling or snapping sound or noise emitted from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) due to a disharmonious movement of mandibular condyles against articular discs.
Question 84
What might cause the crackling noise in TMJ?
The crackling noise might be caused by the articular disc snapping in or out of position or becoming locked in the wrong position.
Question 85
When does crepitation typically not require treatment?
Crepitation is not a rare occurrence and does not normally require treatment unless accompanied by pain, limited jaw opening, or trismus.
Question 86
What is the term for the mandible slipping out of the articular fossa and moving forward beyond the articular eminence?
Dislocation of Mandible
Question 87
What is the term for the condition where the mandibular condyle comes off the disc, causing the jaw to lock open?
Mandibular dislocation
Question 88
What is the term for the condition where the mandibular condyle slips forward beyond the articular eminence?
Luxation or condylar subluxation
Question 89
What is occlusion in dentistry?
The arrangement of teeth in the mouth when the jaws are closed.
Question 90
What are the determinants of occlusion?
The factors that influence the position and relationship of the teeth.
Question 91
What is tooth morphology and how does it relate to occlusion?
Tooth morphology refers to the shape and structure of teeth. It ties into occlusion by influencing how teeth fit together and function in the mouth.
Question 92
What specific features of tooth morphology are mentioned in the slide?
The slide mentions cusp heights, fossa depths, and groove direction as specific features of tooth morphology.
Question 93
What are vertical determinants?
Vertical determinants are factors that influence health from the top down, such as socioeconomic status and education.
Question 94
What are horizontal determinants?
Horizontal determinants are factors that influence health from the side, such as environmental factors and access to healthcare.
Question 95
What is the role of anteriors in mutually protected occlusion?
Anteriors protect posterior teeth during excursive movements.
Question 96
What is the role of posteriors in mutually protected occlusion?
Posteriors take on most of the force during mastication and MIP.
Question 97
What is the ideal in natural dentition?
Mutually protected occlusion.
Question 98
What is anterior guidance?
Disocclusion of posterior teeth during protrusive movements involving incisors/canine
Question 99
What is canine guidance?
Disocclusion of posterior teeth during lateroprotrusive movements involving canine
Question 100
What is the posterior determinant in the context of dental anatomy?
TMJ
Question 101
What is the anterior determinant in the context of dental anatomy?
Teeth
Question 102
What are horizontal factors in dental anatomy?
Involve occlusal morphology (ridge/groove directions)
Question 103
What is the condylar inclination?
The angle of the articular eminence.
Question 104
What anatomical structures contribute to occlusion in the TMJ?
Inclination of articular eminence, shape of condyle, and morphology of glenoid/mandibular fossa.
Question 105
What is Overjet?
The protrusion of your anterior teeth, either by position or angle of tooth.
Question 106
How is Overjet measured?
How far is your upper anterior incisal edge from your mandibular anterior teeth.
Question 107
What is Overbite?
How much of your lower anterior teeth is covered by your upper teeth.
Question 108
What is overjet?
The horizontal distance between the labial surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular incisors when the teeth are in centric occlusion.
Question 109
What is overbite?
The vertical distance between the labial surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular incisors when the teeth are in centric occlusion.
Question 110
What is the term for the distance between the condyles in the posterior (TMJ) section of the table?
Intercondylar distance
Question 111
What is the term for the curve that describes the path of the mandible during lateral translation in the anterior (teeth) section of the table?
Curve of Spee
Question 112
What is the definition of overjet?
Horizontal overlap of the upper incisors over the lower incisors.
Question 113
How does overjet affect the separation time during excursive movements?
More overlap leads to a prolonged separation time.
Question 114
What is the effect of overbite on the separation of posterior teeth?
Less overlap leads to less separation of the posterior teeth.
Question 115
What is the angle of the protrusive condylar pathway relative to the horizontal plane of the head called?
Condylar guidance
Question 116
What happens to the cusp heights and fossa depth when the angle of the protrusive condylar pathway is steeper?
Cusp heights can be longer and steeper, fossa can be deeper without interference
Question 117
What is the overall guideline mentioned for understanding cusp pathways?
Be able to envision where cusps move in relation to their opposing teeth using diagrams for aid (picture the cusp pathways)
Question 118
How do horizontal factors within the posterior/anterior determinants affect cusp pathways?
They alter these pathways by changing their angles and directions
Question 119
What type of movement is depicted by the green markers on the condyle in the left picture?
Protrusive movement
Question 120
What is the term for the movement where the right condyle rotates while the left condyle moves anteriorly?
Lateroprotrusive movement
Question 121
What is a complete denture?
A complete denture is a removable prosthesis that replaces all missing teeth in the upper or lower jaw.
Question 122
What is natural dentition occlusion?
Natural dentition occlusion refers to the arrangement and function of teeth in the mouth as they naturally grow and develop.
Question 123
What is the definition of mutually protected occlusion?
A type of occlusion where the upper and lower teeth are in contact, protecting both the teeth and the soft tissues.
Question 124
List the two types of guidance mentioned in the slide.
Anterior guidance and Canine guidance.
Question 125
What is the key feature of complete denture occlusion?
Balanced occlusion.
Question 126
What is the role of anteriors in mutually protected occlusion?
Anteriors protect posterior teeth during excursive movements.
Question 127
What is the role of posteriors in mutually protected occlusion?
Posteriors take on most of the force during mastication and MIP.
Question 128
What is anterior guidance?
Anterior guidance is the disclusion of posterior teeth during protrusive movements involving incisors/canine.
Question 129
What is canine guidance?
Canine guidance is the disclusion of posterior teeth during lateroprotrusive movements involving canine.
Question 130
What is the Group Function in dentistry?
A group of anterior and posterior teeth contact during lateroprotrusive movements.
Question 131
What are the key components of Group Function?
Anterior and posterior teeth contact during lateroprotrusive movements.
Question 132
What is group function in dentistry?
Group function refers to the simultaneous contact of multiple teeth during occlusion, which can distribute forces more evenly and reduce the load on individual teeth.
Question 133
When would group function be beneficial in dentistry?
Group function would be beneficial when occlusion is balanced in all directions, as it helps distribute forces more evenly and reduces the load on individual teeth.
Question 134
What are the three types of dentures mentioned in the slide?
Complete Dentures, Partial Dentures, Implant-retained Dentures
Question 135
What is the term for the position of the mandible when the upper and lower teeth are in contact?
Centric Occlusion
Question 136
What is balanced occlusion in dentures?
Balanced occlusion in dentures is a technique that helps patients reorient their dentures if dislodged throughout the day by ensuring food is evenly distributed and teeth contact at all non-rest times.
Question 137
What must patients do to maintain balanced occlusion?
Patients must have food evenly distributed throughout their mouth during mastication and chew in an up-down orientation to minimize excursive movements.
Question 138
What is Bilateral Balanced Occlusion?
A dental occlusion where the upper and lower teeth meet symmetrically on both sides of the mouth.
Question 139
What is Centric Occlusion?
The position of the mandible when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation.
Question 140
What are the two sides of the mouth in Bilateral Balanced Occlusion?
Nonworking Side and Working Side.
Question 141
What is the purpose of anterior vertical overlap/opening in denture design?
It allows contacts of anterior teeth to occur simultaneously with posterior excursive contacts, providing more contact points to stabilize the denture.
Question 142
How does anterior vertical overlap/opening contribute to denture stability?
It provides more contact points, which helps stabilize the denture when it is most needed.
Question 143
What is balanced occlusion?
Balanced occlusion refers to a dental occlusion where the upper and lower teeth meet symmetrically and evenly, distributing forces evenly across the dental arches.
Question 144
What is non-balanced occlusion?
Non-balanced occlusion occurs when the upper and lower teeth do not meet symmetrically, leading to uneven distribution of forces and potential dental issues.
Question 145
What is condylar guidance in the context of CD Balanced Occlusion?
Condylar guidance refers to the path of the condyle during jaw movement, which influences the position of the mandible and the occlusion.
Question 146
List the five general factors of CD Balanced Occlusion.
1. Condylar guidance, 2. Orientation of occlusal plane, 3. Cuspal inclination, 4. Compensating curve, 5. Incisal guidance.
Question 147
What is the full form of NBDE?
National Board Dental Examination
Question 148
Which book is recommended for review in esthetic dentistry?
Mosby's Review for the NBDE Part One
Question 149
What is the full form of PMCID?
PubMed Central Identifier