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Question 1
What is the definition of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
Temporary or permanent damage to the brain resulting from sudden and/or violent injury
Question 2
What are the leading causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths by age group?
• 0-4 years: Violent assault • 5-24 years: Motor vehicle accidents • 25-64 years: Intentional self-harm • 65+ years: Injuries from falling
Question 3
What percentage of TBI-related deaths are caused by falls?
28%
Question 4
What are the four main causes of traumatic brain injury?
• Blunt trauma • penetrating wounds • blast waves • accelerating/decelerating forces
Question 5
What are the two main types of brain injury?
Primary and Secondary
Question 6
What are the subtypes of primary brain injury?
Skull Injury, Blood Vessel Injury
Question 7
What are the subtypes of skull injury?
Dural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, Subarachnoid Hematoma
Question 8
Subtypes of parenchymal injuries
• brain contusion (coup and counter coup) • torque • diffuse axial injury
Question 9
Subtypes of secondary brain injuries
• seizures • increased intracranial pressure • cerebral herniation
Question 10
What is a primary head injury?
• occurs at the time of injury • focal or diffuse
Question 11
What is a brain contusion?
A localized area of tissue damage in the brain.
Question 12
What are the two types of contusions in a brain injury?
Coup: contusion at site of impact Countercoup: contusion opposite site of impact
Question 13
What is torque in the context of traumatic brain injury?
Twisting around the brain stem.
Question 14
what is a diffuse axonal injury
shearing/tearing on the axonal portion of neurons
Question 15
What is a secondary head injury?
occurs hours or days after the initial injury
Question 16
What are the three main consequences of a secondary head injury?
Seizures, increased intracranial pressure, and cerebral herniation.
Question 17
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?
to assess severity of TBI
Question 18
What are the three components of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.
Question 19
What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?
progressive degenerative disease of the brain associated with repetitive head trauma
Question 20
How does CTE differ from a normal brain in appearance?
CTE shows a more shrunken and discolored brain compared to a normal brain.
Question 21
Signs of basilar skull fracture
• periorbital edema (raccoon eyes) • bruise behind ear (battle sign) • CSF leakage from nose and ear • rhinorrhea • otorrhea
Question 22
What is the term for bruising behind the ear in a basilar skull fracture?
Battle sign
Question 23
Types of trauma to oral and facial structures
• Fracturing of the maxilla and mandible • dislocation of the TMJ • fracturing of teeth • avulsion • laceration of the oral soft tissues
Question 24
What is the definition of quadriplegia?
Impairment/loss of motor + sensory function in cervical segment of spinal cord, trunk, upper/lower extremities
Question 25
What are the effects of a spinal cord injury on sensory and motor conduction?
It can affect sensory and motor conduction.
Question 26
What is paraplegia?
Impairment/loss of motor + sensory function in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral parts of spinal cord
Question 27
What are the effects of paraplegia?
Loss of function in the trunk, legs, and pelvic region.
Question 28
neurological diseases associated with TBI
• Stroke • Parkinson’s Disease • Alzheimer’s Disease • Epilepsy • Multiple Sclerosis • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Question 29
What are the cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury?
Memory loss, changes in speech, and developmental delay; loss of concentration and disinhibition
Question 30
What are the behavioral and psychologic sequelae of traumatic brain injury?
Depression, PTSD, anxiety, and insomnia
Question 31
What are the physical disabilities associated with traumatic brain injury?
Paralysis, hemiparesis, difficulty with processing sensory information, muscular weakness, and respiratory difficulty