What is the mechanism of action of local anesthesia?

What are the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of local anesthesia?

What is the calculation of the Maximum recommended dosage for local anesthesia?

What is local anesthesia?

Who was Francis Rynd and what did he invent?

What was the year of the first successful use of local anesthesia?

What are the two main types of local anesthetics mentioned in the slide?

Which types of local anesthetics are no longer available in dental cartridges due to risk of allergic reactions?

What are the desirable properties of injectable local anesthetics?

What is the purpose of formulating local anesthetics as a hydrochloride salt?

What is the difference between ester-linked and amide-linked local anesthetics?

What are the key components of a local anesthetic molecule?

What is the difference between the basic form and the protonated (acidic) form of an ester-linked local anesthetic?

How does the pH of the local environment affect the dissociation state of an amide-linked local anesthetic?

What is the pKa range for local anesthetics?

What happens when pKa equals pH?

How does an acidic pH affect the efficacy of local anesthetics?

What are nociceptors and thermoreceptors and how do they function in pain transmission?

How do local anesthetics inhibit the conduction of action potential?

What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?

What are the stages of sodium channel activation?

What factors influence the onset of local anesthetic (LA) action?

How does vasodilator activity affect the duration of local anesthetic action?

What is the anatomical proximity to the injection site?

What is differential functional blockade?

What is the function of Type A alpha fibers?

Which type of nerve fiber is most susceptible to local anesthetics?

What is the conduction velocity of Type A alpha fibers?

What is the pKa of Benzocaine?

What percentage of the base form of Benzocaine is present at pH 7.4?

Which local anesthetic has the longest onset time?

What is Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) and what is its incidence rate?

What are the initial signs of systemic toxicity in LAST?

What are the progression stages of LAST and their corresponding serum concentrations?

What is the most common cause of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)?

What is the importance of aspiration before every injection?

What are some co-morbidities that can increase the risk of local anesthetic overdose?

What are the initial management steps for Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)?

What medication can be administered by EMS to manage convulsions in cases of LAST?

What is the lipid rescue treatment for patients exhibiting seizures or signs of CVS toxicity?

What is an ester?

What are the key characteristics of esters?

What is the primary metabolite of benzocaine?

How is benzocaine applied and what is its absorption rate?

What is the onset of action for Procaine (Novocain®)?

What is the duration of action for Procaine (Novocain®)?

What is the onset of action for Chloroprocaine (Nesacaine®)?

What is the duration of action for Chloroprocaine (Nesacaine®)?

How is Chloroprocaine (Nesacaine®) administered?

What is the primary use of Tetracaine (Tetracaine HCl)?

What are amides?

What is the general formula for an amide?

What factors influence the absorption and distribution of local anesthetics?

What are the key terms associated with the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics?

What enzymes metabolize lidocaine and mepivacaine in the liver?

What are the active metabolites produced from lidocaine?

How is prilocaine metabolized?

What is the primary organ where Bupivacaine is metabolized?

What are the main enzymes involved in the metabolism of Bupivacaine?

What is the main organ where Articaine is metabolized?

Which enzymes are involved in the metabolism of Articaine in the liver?

What is the primary organ for the excretion of metabolites?

What is the range of elimination half-life for Amide LAs?

Which Amide LAs can be suitable for patients with renal dysfunction?

What are the proprietary names for Articaine HCl?

What are the proprietary names for Bupivacaine HCl?

What are the proprietary names for Lidocaine HCl?

What is the prototype of the amide class of local anesthetics?

What is the absolute maximum dose of lidocaine per appointment?

How does lidocaine compare to other local anesthetics in terms of vasodilation properties?

What is the rapid onset of action for Mepivacaine Hydrochloride?

What is the absolute maximum dose of Mepivacaine Hydrochloride per appointment?

Does Mepivacaine Hydrochloride produce vasoconstriction?

What is the onset of action for Prilocaine Hydrochloride?

What is the absolute maximum dose of Prilocaine Hydrochloride?

What is the duration of action for Prilocaine Hydrochloride without a vasoconstrictor?

What is the onset time of Articaine Hydrochloride?

What is the half-life of Articaine Hydrochloride?

What are the two main groups in the chemical structure of Articaine Hydrochloride?

What is the moderate onset time for Bupivacaine Hydrochloride?

What is the absolute maximum dose of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride per appointment?

How is Bupivacaine Hydrochloride metabolized and excreted?

What are dental cartilages?

What is the function of dental cartilages?

What is the color coding system for local anesthetic cartridges as per the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs?

What is the purpose of the color-coded band on local anesthetic cartridges?

What are the components of a dental cartridge (LA Solution)?

What is the pH range for LA with vasoconstrictors compared to LA without vasoconstrictors?

What is the purpose of LA buffering in dental procedures?

What is the pKa range for local anesthetics (LA)?

What is the concentration of the lidocaine used in the study?

What is the ratio of epinephrine used in the study?

When was the study published?

What is a vasoconstrictor?

What is the purpose of using vasoconstrictors with local anesthesia?

What is vasodilation and how does it affect local anesthesia?

What are vasoconstrictors and what do they do?

What is vasoconstriction and what are its effects?

List the effects of vasoconstriction on local anesthesia.

What are the effects of epinephrine on the cardiovascular system?

What is the dilution of epinephrine used as a hemostatic reagent?

What are the CNS symptoms of epinephrine overdose?

What is the effect of increasing the concentration of epinephrine on the duration of local anesthesia?

What is the maximum duration of local anesthesia for Lidocaine 2% with Epinephrine 1:50,000?

What is the maximum dose of epinephrine in local anesthesia for a healthy subject?

What is the maximum dose of epinephrine in local anesthesia for a patient with severe cardiovascular disease (ASA III and IV)?

What is the recommended maximum recommended dose (MRD) for epinephrine-sensitive individuals (ASA category III patients)?

What is the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Physical Status Classification system?

What are the five categories in the ASA Physical Status Classification system?

What does ASA I represent in the Physical Status Classification system?

What is the effect of epinephrine on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients who do not use their hypoglycemic medication?

What is glycogenolysis?

What is Levonordefrin?

How does Levonordefrin affect the heart and central nervous system?

What is the dilution ratio of Levonordefrin when combined with mepivacaine?

What is the FDA risk category for lidocaine and prilocaine during pregnancy?

Which amide local anesthetics have FDA risk category B during pregnancy?

What is the maximum total dosage of lidocaine with vasoconstrictors?

What is the mechanism of action of Phentolamine Mesylate (OraVerse)?

How is Phentolamine Mesylate (OraVerse) dispensed and used?

What are the indications for using a specific medication?

What are the side effects of the medication?

What is tachyphylaxis in the context of local anesthesia (LA)?

How can tachyphylaxis be prevented?

What are the common contraindications for local anesthetics (LA)?

What precaution should be taken when using prilocaine with patients who have G6PD deficiency?

What is the precaution for patients with hyperthyroidism or ASA III/IV patients regarding epinephrine concentration?

What are GABA receptors and how do they work in the context of general anesthesia?

What are NMDA receptors and how do they relate to general anesthesia?

What are the four goals of general anesthesia?

What is the first stage of general anesthesia?

What is the second stage of general anesthesia?

What is the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of Mepivacaine for Patient A?

How many cartridges of Mepivacaine HCl can be administered to Patient A?

What is local anesthesia?

Which book is recommended for understanding the pathophysiology of drug therapy?