What does RAAS stand for?

What are RAAS pathway modulators?

What are some examples of diuretics?

What are the consequences of high blood pressure?

What is the American Heart Association?

What are the four main categories of antihypertensive agents?

Which class of antihypertensive agents includes renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, and Angiotensin II blockers?

What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

What are the steps in the RAAS pathway?

What are the effects of Renin Inhibitors on the RAAS?

What are the examples of ACE-inhibitors mentioned in the slide?

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of ACE-inhibitors?

What do preload and afterload refer to in the context of ACE-inhibitors?

What is the effect of blocking ACE on bradykinin and how does it enhance vasodilation?

How do ACE inhibitors affect aldosterone secretion and what are the consequences?

What are the indications for using first-line anti-hypertensive agents?

What are the adverse effects of the first-line anti-hypertensive agents?

What is the contraindication for using these agents?

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of a renin inhibitor?

What is the indication for using a renin inhibitor?

What are the precautions and adverse effects of a renin inhibitor?

What are Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

How do ARBs prevent the effects of Angiotensin II (Ag-II)?

What are the indications for using this medication as first-line agents for hypertension?

What are the precautions and adverse effects of this medication?

What is the potential impact of dry cough on dental procedures?

What is the likely cause of angioedema and perioral swelling in individuals with African American ancestry?

What condition can be exacerbated by the concurrent use of CNS depressants with orthostatic hypotension?

What is the low dose of Colchicine used for in adult patients with established atherosclerotic disease or multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

What is the low dose of Aspirin used for in adult patients?

What are the effects of Aspirin on hemostasis?

What is the definition of a diuretic?

What is the definition of an antidiuretic?

What is the term for the interaction between the heart and kidneys?

What are the shared risk factors for chronic heart dysfunction and chronic kidney disease?

What is the renal compensation mechanism?

What is CHF and how does it affect the renal compensation mechanism?

What are the long-term consequences of the renal compensation mechanism in CHF?

What are diuretics and how do they affect the body?

What are the different types of diuretics mentioned in the slide?

What are edematous states and what causes fluid to build up in the extracellular space?

What are the effects of hypertension on plasma volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure?

What is the site of action for loop diuretics?

Which diuretics are rarely used for diuresis?

What is the weakest diuretic action among the listed diuretics?

What is the example of an osmotic diuretic?

What is the indication for using osmotic diuretics?

How does Mannitol work as an osmotic diuretic?

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

What are the indications for using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

What are loop diuretics and what is their mechanism of action (MOA)?

List the examples of loop diuretics and their natriuretic effect.

What is the sigmoidal dose-response curve of loop diuretics?

What is the threshold effect in the context of loop diuretics?

What is the ceiling effect in the context of loop diuretics?

What is the indication for loop diuretics?

What are the side effects of loop diuretics?

What is the effect of NSAIDs on the diuretic action of loop diuretics?

How do loop diuretics affect the nephrotoxic effect of some NSAIDs?

What are Thiazide Diuretics and provide an example?

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Thiazide Diuretics?

What are the indications for using a particular medication?

How does the medication treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

What are the side effects of thiazide diuretics?

How do thiazide diuretics affect uric acid levels?

What is the mechanism of action of Spironolactone (Aldactone®)?

What are the indications for using potassium-sparing diuretics like Spironolactone?

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Amiloride?

What are the indications for using Amiloride?

What is orthostatic hypotension?

What are the dental implications of taking diuretics?

How do NSAIDs affect the efficacy of diuretics?

What are antidiuretics and what do they affect?

What conditions are antidiuretics used to treat?

What are the uses of antagonists for ADH?

What is the renal function decline with advanced age?

What are the mechanisms by which nephrotoxic medications can cause kidney damage?

What is the recommended approach for patients with chronic or end-stage renal disease regarding nephrotoxic medications?

What is pharmacology?

What are the two books shown in the slide?