What is pharmacokinetics?

What is pharmacodynamics?

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

What is the first phase of pharmacokinetics?

What is the second phase of pharmacokinetics?

What is the third phase of pharmacokinetics?

What is the fourth phase of pharmacokinetics?

What is bioavailability?

List the factors affecting absorption.

What is the rate of transport for unionized drugs across a membrane?

How does the ionization degree of a drug affect its transport across a membrane?

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for?

What does pKa represent in the context of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

How does the ionization status of a drug affect its absorption and excretion?

What is the relationship between pH and the predominant forms of a weak acid HA and its conjugate base A-?

What is the significance of pH = pKa in the context of a weak acid HA and its conjugate base A-?

What is the ionization behavior of a weak base in acidic pH?

In what pH environment is a weak acid ionized?

How does the ionized form of a drug affect its excretion?

What is drug distribution in pharmacology?

How does the distribution rate of drugs vary among different tissues?

What is the formula for Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

How does a low Vd value relate to plasma protein binding?

What factors can influence Vd?

What factors influence the distribution of a drug in the body?

What is the term for the initial rapid increase in plasma concentration after an IV bolus injection?

What is the importance of albumin in drug binding?

Which drugs are bound by serum albumin?

What is the term for the process where drugs are actively transported into tissues?

What is the significance of 'free' drug in pharmacology?

How do tissue reservoirs affect drug action?

What is the main site for drug metabolism?

What enzymes are involved in drug metabolism?

What should be considered for patients with decompensated livers regarding drug dosage?

What is the role of the Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme group?

Where are the CYP enzymes located?

Which CYP enzymes are primarily responsible for the metabolism of most drugs?

What are CYP 450 inducers and what effect do they have on drug metabolism?

List some examples of CYP 450 inhibitors and explain their effect on drug concentrations.

What are the two metabolic phases of drug metabolism?

What are the main reactions involved in Phase I metabolism?

What is the typical fate of a drug after Phase I metabolism?

What are Phase I metabolic reactions?

Which enzymes are mainly involved in Phase I reactions?

What are the main outcomes of Phase I reactions?

What are Phase II metabolic reactions?

How do Phase II reactions typically affect drug activity?

What is portal circulation in the context of drug metabolism?

How does liver function affect drug metabolism?

What role do genetic factors play in drug metabolism?

What is the main organ for drug excretion?

What is renal clearance of drugs?

What is the formula for calculating renal clearance (CL)?

What are the three mechanisms by which renal excretion occurs?

How does glomerular filtration contribute to renal excretion?

What factors influence renal clearance?

What is first-order elimination in drug kinetics?

What is zero-order elimination in drug kinetics?

What is the definition of half-life (t ½)?

Which type of drug kinetics does elimination half-life apply to?

How long does it take for most drugs to be cleared from the body?

What is the formula for calculating half-life (t½)?

How does obesity affect the volume of distribution (Vd) and half-life (t½)?

What is the effect of a CYP inducer on clearance (CL) and half-life (t½)?

What is the significance of the elimination half-life in drug kinetics?

How many half-lives are typically required to reach a steady state in drug kinetics?

What is pharmacodynamics?

What is a drug-receptor interaction?

What is a graded dose-response curve?

What are the main categories of drug targets mentioned in the slide?

What percentage of drug targets are receptors according to the pie chart?

What is a ligand in pharmacodynamics?

How do drug-receptor interactions typically occur?

What is the relationship between the number of receptors and the magnitude of a pharmacologic response?

What are the three stages of signal transduction?

What happens during the Reception stage of signal transduction?

What occurs during the Transduction stage of signal transduction?

What are Ligand-gated ion channels and how do they function?

Provide an example of a Ligand-gated ion channel and its ligand.

What are G protein-coupled receptors?

What happens after G protein-coupled receptors are activated?

What are some effector molecules activated by G protein-coupled receptors?

What are enzyme-linked receptors and how do they function?

Provide an example of an enzyme-linked receptor and its function.

What are intracellular receptors and how do they work?

What is the role of receptor-ligand binding in intracellular receptors?

What is receptor-mediated drug action?

What are the two main types of receptors involved in drug action?

What is the definition of intrinsic activity in the context of agonists?

What are full agonists and how do they differ from partial agonists?

What is an antagonist in pharmacology?

What is a competitive antagonist?

What is a noncompetitive antagonist?

What is a competitive antagonist?

How does a noncompetitive antagonist differ from a competitive antagonist?

What is receptor downregulation?

What is the term for the diminished response to repeated exposure to agonists?

What is desensitization or tachyphylaxis?

How does tolerance differ from desensitization or tachyphylaxis?

What does EC50 stand for and what does it represent?

What is the maximal efficacy of a drug (Emax) and how is it defined?

What is the definition of potency in pharmacology?

How is potency used in comparing drugs?

What is efficacy in pharmacology?

How does efficacy differ from potency?

What is the therapeutic goal in understanding drug dose changes?

What is the significance of comparing pharmacologic potency and efficacy for different medications?

What is the treatment for opioid overdose?

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

What is the date of the slide?

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

What does pharmacotherapeutics monitor?

What does the quantal dose-response relationship record?

What is the definition of Effective dose 50 % (ED 50)?

What is the definition of Toxic dose 50 % (TD 50)?

What is the definition of Lethal dose 50 (LD 50)?

How is the Therapeutic index (TI) calculated?

What is the definition of the margin of safety in pharmacology?

How does a larger therapeutic index relate to the safety of a drug?

Which drug has a higher therapeutic index and larger margin of safety than warfarin?

What is Pharmacogenetics?

What is Cytochrome P450?

What does SNP stand for?

What is the threshold for drug-induced liver injury in the context of the slide?

What percentage of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are involved in Phase I enzyme metabolisms?

Which enzymes are primarily involved in Phase I enzyme metabolisms?

What is the significance of the CYP2D6 gene being highly polymorphic?

What is the definition of an ultrarapid metabolizer?

What is the definition of a poor metabolizer?

What is the prevalence of ultra-rapid metabolizers in Whites (European, North American) per 100 people?

What is the prevalence of ultra-rapid metabolizers in Blacks (African Americans) per 100 people?

What is the prevalence of ultra-rapid metabolizers in East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) per 100 people?

What is a patient profile in the context of dental medicine?

What institution is mentioned in the slide?

What are the key factors that influence drug metabolism and efficacy?

What are the effects of smoking and drinking on drug metabolism?

What was the classification system for drugs during pregnancy before 2016?

What does Category A indicate about the potential risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy?

What does Category D indicate about the potential risk to the fetus based on human studies?

What year did the FDA replace the prescription drug categories with a new labeling system?

What is the new labeling system for prescription drugs called?

What information is provided in the pregnancy section of the new labeling system?

What is pharmacokinetic drug interaction?

What is pharmacodynamic drug interaction?

What is synergistic effect?

What does CYP450 refer to in the context of drug metabolism?

Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing Asenapine?

What is the color coding in the legend used to indicate the strength of inhibition?

What is the title of the book on the left?

What is the title of the book on the right?