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Question 1
What is the vestibule and how is it divided?
The vestibule is the space between the teeth and lips or cheeks. It is divided into the labial vestibule next to the anterior teeth and the buccal vestibule next to the posterior teeth.
Question 2
What is the vestibular fornx and where is it located?
The vestibular fornx is the lowest part of the vestibule next to the mandible or the highest part next to the maxilla.
Question 3
What are the main reasons for studying oral mucosa?
To understand different regions of the mouth, to help understand injury, and to promote health.
Question 4
What are the layers of the oral mucosa?
Oral epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, submucosa.
Question 5
What type of epithelium is the oral mucosa composed of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Question 6
What separates the connective tissue from the epithelium in the oral mucosa?
Basement membrane
Question 7
What are the three types of sensation provided by the oral mucosa?
Temperature, Touch, Pain
Question 8
What is the role of the oral mucosa as a protective barrier?
It protects against mechanical forces and microorganisms.
Question 9
What are the three types of epithelium in the oral mucosa?
Non-keratinized, Orthokeratinized, Parakeratinized
Question 10
What are the three main functions of the epithelium in the oral mucosa?
Barrier to bacterial invasion, mechanical irritation, protect against dryness
Question 11
What effect does the presence of keratin have on the epithelium of the oral mucosa?
It increases the barrier functions
Question 12
What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Question 13
What are the three types of mucosa in the oral cavity?
Lining mucosa, masticatory mucosa, specialized mucosa
Question 14
Which part of the tongue has both masticatory and specialized mucosa?
Dorsal surface of the tongue
Question 15
What is the classification of oral mucosa based on?
Histological features of the tissue
Question 16
What are the three types of oral mucosa mentioned in the slide?
Lining Mucosa, Masticatory Mucosa, Specialized Mucosa
Question 17
Where is the Specialized Mucosa found?
Dorsum (top) of tongue, vermilion zone of lip
Question 18
What are the key characteristics of the lining mucosa?
Soft surface texture, moist surface, ability to stretch and be compressed, acts as a cushion to underlying structures
Question 19
List the components of the lining mucosa.
Buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, alveolar mucosa, floor of mouth, ventral surface (bottom) of tongue and soft palate
Question 20
What type of epithelium is the lining mucosa?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Question 21
How does the interface between the epithelium and lamina propria differ in the lining mucosa compared to other epithelia?
The interface is smooth with less pronounced rete pegs/ridges and connective tissue papillae
Question 22
What makes the lining mucosa more movable?
Elastic fibers in the connective tissue
Question 23
What is the submucosa and what does it allow?
The submucosa is the layer deep to the lamina propria that overlies the muscle. It allows for a movable base and compression of superficial tissue.
Question 24
Why are sutures necessary for surgical incisions in the submucosa?
Sutures are necessary because of tissue movement in the submucosa.
Question 25
What are Fordyce's Granules or Spots?
Small, yellowish elevations on the surface of the labial and buccal mucosa.
Question 26
Where are Fordyce's Granules or Spots typically found?
In the labial and buccal mucosa.
Question 27
What do Fordyce's Granules or Spots correspond to?
Misplaced sebaceous glands in the submucosa.
Question 28
What type of epithelium is found in the masticatory mucosa?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Question 29
How is the interface between the epithelium and connective tissue in the masticatory mucosa described?
Highly interdigitated
Question 30
What is the significance of the rete ridges/pegs and connective tissue papillae in the masticatory mucosa?
They increase the surface area during mastication, enhancing strength
Question 31
What is the term for the intermediate layer in lining mucosa?
Spinosum or prickle layer
Question 32
Which layer is absent in lining mucosa?
Granular layer
Question 33
What is the equivalent layer in lining mucosa to the keratin layer in masticatory mucosa?
Superficial layer
Question 34
What are the key characteristics of the Stratum basale?
Basal layer of cuboidal/columnar stem cells, site of most cell divisions, contains Merkel cells and Melanocytes.
Question 35
Which layer of the oral epithelium is adjacent to the lamina propria?
Stratum basale.
Question 36
What are the key characteristics of the Stratum spinosum/ prickle layer in keratinized epithelium?
Larger ovoid/spherical keratinocytes with desmosomes aka intercellular bridges, and Langerhans cells.
Question 37
How does the Stratum spinosum/ prickle layer compare in thickness to the Stratum basale in the oral epithelium?
The Stratum spinosum/ prickle layer is thinner in lining vs masticatory mucosa.
Question 38
What is the Stratum corneum and what is its function?
The Stratum corneum is the final stage of keratinocyte maturation and development. It is made up of squamous cells without nuclei and organelles, forming a barrier between the outside environment and deeper layers.
Question 39
What is the role of keratinocytes in the oral epithelium?
Keratinocytes at the basal layer of oral epithelium are proliferative. As cells mature up layers, they slowly lose proliferative potential and undergo programmed cell death.
Question 40
What is the most common form of epithelium in the oral cavity?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Question 41
Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in the oral cavity?
Labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa, mucosa lining of the floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue, and soft palate
Question 42
What are the three layers of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Basal, Intermediate, Superficial
Question 43
What is the alternative name for the basal layer?
Stratum basale
Question 44
What is the alternative name for the intermediate layer?
Stratum intermedium
Question 45
What is the alternative name for the superficial layer?
Stratum superficiale
Question 46
What are keratinocytes and what is their role in the epithelium?
Keratinocytes are cells responsible for creating keratin, which is produced naturally or in response to trauma.
Question 47
What are the functions of non-keratinocytes in the epithelium?
Non-keratinocytes include melanocytes (involved in pigmentation), white blood cells (PMNs are the most common), Merkel cells (involved in sensory information), and Granstein/Langerhans cells (involved in immune response).
Question 48
What are the three types of resident non-keratinocytes mentioned in the slide?
Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells
Question 49
Which two types of non-keratinocytes are dendritic in nature?
Langerhans cells and melanocytes
Question 50
What are the two other non-keratinocytes that appear in the epithelium during inflammation?
Lymphocytes and leukocytes
Question 51
What is the immunologic function of Langerhans cells?
Langerhans cells have an immunologic function via antigen trapping and processing, and they can activate T-lymphocytes by presenting antigens.
Question 52
Where are Langerhans cells typically found?
Langerhans cells are typically found in the Stratum spinosum.
Question 53
What is the migratory nature of Langerhans cells?
Langerhans cells are migratory and can move from the epithelium to lymph nodes in response to antigens.
Question 54
What is the function of Langerhans cells in the immune system?
Langerhans cells trap and process antigens, activating T-lymphocytes by presenting antigens.
Question 55
What are the characteristics of Merkel cells?
Merkel cells are non-dendritic, tactile sensory cells.
Question 56
What is the role of Melanocytes in the skin?
Melanocytes synthesize melanin pigment granules and transfer them to surrounding keratinocytes.
Question 57
What is the difference between non-keratinized and keratinized tissue?
Non-keratinized tissue does not have superficial layers that are keratinized, while keratinized tissue does.
Question 58
Where is hyperkeratinization commonly found on the buccal mucosa?
Hyperkeratinization is commonly found on the linea alba of the buccal mucosa.
Question 59
What is the potential outcome if the irritant causing hyperkeratinization is removed?
If the irritant is removed, hyperkeratinization can be reversed, although it may take time.
Question 60
What is hyperkeratinization?
A large, white, rough, raised lesion.
Question 61
What are some factors associated with hyperkeratinization?
Nicotine stomatitis on the hard palate, heat from smoking, spit tobacco in the vestibules, and hot fluids.
Question 62
What is the least common form of epithelium in the oral cavity?
Orthokeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Question 63
Where is Orthokeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium found?
Hard palate and attached gingiva
Question 64
What is the Prickle Layer named for?
artifact in microscopic slide preparation
Question 65
What happens to the cells in the Prickle Layer?
Cells are dehydrated, but still maintain desmosomal junctions
Question 66
What is the Prickle Layer considered to be?
Bulk of orthokeratinized epithelium
Question 67
What are keratohyaline granules and what do they stain as?
Keratohyaline granules are found in nucleated cells of the granular layer and stain as dark spots.
Question 68
How many layers thick are the cells in the granular layer?
The cells in the granular layer are 3-5 layers thick.
Question 69
What is the most superficial layer of the oral epithelium?
Keratin Layer
Question 70
What is the term used to describe the varying thickness of the keratin layer?
varies
Question 71
What is the characteristic of the cells in the keratin layer?
flat, no nuclei, filled with keratin
Question 72
What are the key characteristics of keratin?
Keratin is a soft, opaque, waterproof material.
Question 73
What components form keratin?
Keratin is formed from keratohyaline granules and intermediate filaments from cells.
Question 74
What protective functions does keratin serve?
Keratin protects from physical, chemical, microbial attack, and dehydration.
Question 75
What is the main difference between parakeratinized and orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Cells of the keratin layer contain nuclei in parakeratinized epithelium.
Question 76
Where is parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
It is found in the masticatory mucosa of the attached gingiva and the specialized mucosa of lingual papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue.
Question 77
What is the lamina propria of oral mucosa?
A specialized type of connective tissue
Question 78
What is the main fiber group in the lamina propria?
Collagen
Question 79
How many layers does the lamina propria have?
Two layers: Papillary and Dense
Question 80
What is the Papillary Layer?
The superficial layer consisting of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve tissue, and fibers, cells, and intercellular substance.
Question 81
What is the capillary plexus?
A network of capillaries that provides nutrients to the papillary layer.
Question 82
What is the function of fibroblasts in the lamina propria?
Fibroblasts synthesize proteins and intercellular substances.
Question 83
List the types of white blood cells found in the lamina propria.
PMN's, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells.
Question 84
Is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium the most common epithelium in the oral cavity?
True
Question 85
What type of epithelium is the most common in the oral cavity?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Question 86
What is the definition of labial and buccal mucosa?
The mucosa that lines the lips and cheeks.
Question 87
What is the definition of alveolar mucosa?
The mucosa that covers the alveolar ridge and the crest of the alveolar process.
Question 88
What is the definition of ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth?
The underside of the tongue and the bottom of the mouth.
Question 89
What type of epithelium is found in the labial and buccal mucosa?
Non-keratinized epithelium
Question 90
What are the key characteristics of the labial and buccal mucosa?
Extremely thick, extensive vascular supply, irregular connective tissue papillae, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, submucosa contains adipose tissue, minor salivary glands
Question 91
What is the clinical appearance of the alveolar mucosa?
Reddish-pink with blue vascular areas, shiny, moist region, extremely mobile, lines vestibule
Question 92
What is the classification of the alveolar mucosa?
Lining mucosa
Question 93
What is the clinical appearance of the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth?
Reddish-pink with vascular blue areas, moist, shiny, and compressible
Question 94
What is the classification of the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth?
Lining mucosa
Question 95
What is the histological appearance of the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth?
Extremely thin non-keratinized epithelium with extensive vascular supply
Question 96
What is the clinical appearance of the soft palate?
Deep pink, yellowish hue, moist surface, compressible, elastic
Question 97
What is the histological appearance of the soft palate?
Thin non-keratinized epithelium, thick lamina propria, distinct elastic layer for mobility, submucosa, adipose tissue, minor salivary glands
Question 98
What is the term for the dental radiograph shown on the left?
Bitewing radiograph
Question 99
What is the term for the dental radiograph shown on the right?
Periapical radiograph
Question 100
What is the clinical appearance of attached gingiva?
Covers alveolar bone of dental arches, opaque pink, dry, dull, firm and immobile, with stippling resembling an orange peel.
Question 101
What is the mucogingival junction?
The point where the attached gingiva meets the alveolar mucosa.
Question 102
What is the classification of attached gingiva?
Masticatory mucosa.
Question 103
What are the clinical appearances of the hard palate?
Lighter pink, immobile and firm, palatal rugae, median palatine raphe
Question 104
What is the classification of the hard palate mucosa?
Masticatory mucosa
Question 105
What is the sulcus terminalis?
A V-shaped line that divides the tongue into the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3.
Question 106
What distinguishes the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?
The anterior 2/3 has tightly packed muscle bundles, while the posterior 1/3 has more adipose tissue and is less mobile.
Question 107
What are Lingual Papillae and where are they found on the tongue?
Lingual Papillae are structures on the tongue that include taste buds. They are found on the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the tongue.
Question 108
List the four types of Lingual Papillae and which ones are associated with taste buds?
The four types of Lingual Papillae are Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, and Circumvallate. The Fungiform, Foliate, and Circumvallate types are associated with taste buds.
Question 109
What are taste buds?
Barrel-shaped organs of taste derived from the epithelium.
Question 110
How many spindle-shaped cells are in a taste bud?
30-80
Question 111
What is the approximate cell turnover time in taste buds?
10 days
Question 112
What are the two types of taste bud cells?
Supporting cells and Taste cells
Question 113
What is the function of supporting cells in taste buds?
Provide structural support to the outer portion of the bud
Question 114
Where are taste cells located in taste buds?
In the central portion of the bud
Question 115
What are the four basic tastes?
Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
Question 116
What is umami?
A savory, fatty acids (meaty) taste
Question 117
What is the specialized mucosa covering the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Specialized mucosa
Question 118
How many types of papillae are there on the tongue's specialized mucosa?
4
Question 119
List the four types of papillae on the tongue's specialized mucosa.
Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, Circumvallate
Question 120
What are the clinical appearances of filiform lingual papillae?
Fine-pointed cones of 2-3 mm, tipped towards the pharynx, giving the velvety texture.
Question 121
Where are filiform lingual papillae located on the tongue?
Dorsal surface of the tongue.
Question 122
What type of epithelium do filiform lingual papillae have?
Orthokeratinized or parakeratinized epithelium
Question 123
What is the increased amount of keratin at the surface of each filiform lingual papillae responsible for?
Whiter color
Question 124
Do filiform lingual papillae contain taste buds?
No
Question 125
What is the clinical appearance of fungiform lingual papillae?
Reddish dots, raised mushroom shape in 1 mm diameter, not by sulcus terminalis
Question 126
What is the histological appearance of fungiform lingual papillae?
Mushroom-shaped, thin layer of ortho/para, highly vascularized, taste buds on superficial layer
Question 127
What is the function of fungiform lingual papillae?
taste sensation
Question 128
What is the histological appearance of circumvallate lingual papillae?
Mushroom-shaped with ortho/para
Question 129
What is the function of circumvallate lingual papillae?
Taste sensation
Question 130
What is the term for the layer of cells that line the inside of the tooth and form the dentin?
Dentin
Question 131
What is the function of the dentinal tubules in the dentin?
Conduct heat and cold sensations to the pulp
Question 132
What is the pigment responsible for changing the color of the oral mucosa from brown to brownish black?
Melanin
Question 133
Where are melanocytes located in the oral mucosa and what do they do?
Melanocytes are located in the basal layer. They produce melanin and inject neighboring cells with melanosomes, which migrate superficially.
Question 134
What is the turnover time for the skin in the mouth?
27 days
Question 135
Which mucosal area has the shortest turnover time?
Junctional epithelium
Question 136
How does the turnover time of non-keratinized mucosa compare to keratinized mucosa?
Faster
Question 137
What is the first step in the repair process after an injury?
Moist clot from blood forms
Question 138
What happens after the clot breaks down?
Repair is complete
Question 139
What is the term for the tissue formed by fibroblasts during repair?
Granulation tissue
Question 140
What are the characteristics of granulation tissue?
Fewer fibers and increased blood vessels, soft, bright red tissue that bleeds easily
Question 141
What are Fordyce's granules?
Small, yellowish, pea-sized structures found on the oral mucosa, particularly on the lips and buccal mucosa.
Question 142
What is xerostomia?
A condition characterized by a lack of saliva, leading to a dry mouth.
Question 143
What happens to the thickness and number of rete's pegs in the epithelium during aging?
They diminish
Question 144
How does the degree of keratinization change with age?
It decreases
Question 145
What is the effect on the ability to repair oral mucosa with age?
It is reduced, and the time to do so is increased
Question 146
What is the mission of California Northstate University?
To advance the science and art of health through education, service, scholarship, and social accountability
Question 147
What is the title of the book shown on the right?
Woelfel's Dental Anatomy