Types of muscle cells

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements?

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements?

Type of muscle that connects skeleton to other structures

What type of muscle tissue are the walls of the heart made from?

What are the primary functions of smooth muscle tissue in the body?

Types of joints

What type of joints are generally immobile?

WHat joints are freely movable

What joints allow some movement?

How many bones are in the adult human skeletal system?

Where do All the bones in the appendicular and most axial skeleton develop from?

Which type of cells develop into the facial bones and rostral skull bones?

What process is responsible for the development of cartilage from the mesoderm layer?

What is the primary function of cartilage?

What is chondrogenesis?

What type of tissue is cartilage?

Cartilage =

What does ECM include

Which cells in cartilage produce the ECM and maintain the cartilage long term?

What process do chondroblasts undergo to contribute to the ECM?

What are the main types of cartilage

What type of collagen is primarily found in elastic cartilage?

Which type of cartilage contains more chondrocytes?

What type of collage is found in fibrocartilage?

What type of collage is found in hyaline cartilage?

Elastin cartilage characteristics

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Where is hyaline cartilage commonly found?

What type of cartilage forms the temporary skeleton in the embryo?

Hyaline cartilage density?

What is osteoarthritis

What type of cartilage is characterized by the highest tensile strength but the least chondrocyte density?

Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?

What type of protein fiber is predominant in fibrocartilage?

Fibrocartilage function

What is bone classified as?

What type of matrix is found in bone?

How do bones contribute to the process of blood cell formation?

Types of bones by shape

What type of bone is characterized by a long, cylindrical shape?

Which bone shape is typically associated with the skull?

What comprises the periosteum?

Function of the outer fibrous layer?

What does the inner cellular layer do?

Parts to a long bone

What is the name of the part of a long bone where growth occurs?

What is the term for the growth plate in bones?

What type of bone is closer to the surface and is denser?

Which bone type has interconnecting cavities and is deeper?

What are the two main components of bone structure?

What is the primary component of the bone matrix?

Which cells are found within the bone structure?

Inorganic components of bone matrix?

Organic materials found in found in bone matrix?

What is ground substance?

What is osteonectin?

Which protein is vital for bone mineralization?

Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteocyte

Which cell type is responsible for forming the bone matrix?

Where do osteoblasts originate from?

What materials do osteoblasts produce?

Function of osteoblasts

What happens to Older osteoblasts?

Where are osteocytes primarily found?

What type of cells are osteocytes derived from?

What network do osteocytes use to contact each other?

What are osteoclasts?

Osteoclast functions

Which factors are required for osteoclast production?

Define: RANK, RANKL, M-CSF

What inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts?

How do osteoblast regulate osteoclast differentiation?

Which factor can promote osteoclastogenesis?

Which cells are the main source of RANKL in periodontitis?

What is the decoy receptor for RANKL?

What molecules mediate RANK signaling?

Which does activated NF-kB induce?

What does NFATc1 do?

What does osteoclast-mediated bone resorption release?

Which factors do OB secrete to promote OC development?

Which factors do OB secrete to inhibit OC activity?

What does the balance of RANKL and OPG indicate about bone health?

How often is spongy bone replaced?

How often is compact bone replaced?

What does the term 'osteogenesis' refer to?

Which mechanism involves osteoblasts differentiating directly from osteoprogenitor cells?

In which type of ossification do osteoblasts invade a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage?

What is the initial step in intramembranous ossification?

second step of intramebranous ossification

third step of intramembranous calcification

What is the initial structure that forms in the fetal stage of bone development?

Endochondral ossification - Fetal Stage

Endochondral ossification - Childhood Stage

Endochondral ossification - Adult Stage

What is the term for the thick plate of cartilage found in the growth region of a growing long bone?

In a mature long bone, what replaces the thick epiphyseal plate?

What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate?

Zones of epiphyseal plate

Reserve Zone function

Proliferative Zone function

Zone of Maturation and Hypertrophy function

What happens in Zone of calcified matrix?

What is appositional growth

Where does bone resorption occur in appositional growth?

What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

What is the sealing zone

What enzyme do osteoclasts secrete to break down the collagen matrix?

What pH level do osteoclasts create around the bone to dissolve hydroxyapatite?

What molecule does osteoptegerin bind to?

What protein does osteoblasts secrete to fill in lacunae?

What substance is deposited on osteoid seam made from calcium and phosphate?

What do trapped OBs become?

Phases of bone repair

What happens during reactive phase of bone remodeling

What happens during reparative phase?

What is the final structure formed in the remodeling phase?

What is the initial tissue that replaces the hematoma in the reactive phase?

What type of collagen is present in the final compact bone matrix?

What hormone is released by the parathyroid gland to regulate calcium levels?

Which cells in bone tissue have receptors for PTH?

What effect does high PTH have on bone?

What effect does low PTH gave on the bone

Thyroid Gland and regulation of bone remodeling?

How does estrogen affect bone resorption?

Lack and excess growth hormone during childhood?

What is the primary effect of mechanical stress on bone remodeling?

How does active vitamin D affect calcium levels?

What is the role of vitamin C in collagen production?

What does PTH primarily affect in hyperparathyroidism?

What is the relationship between calcium and phosphate levels in primary hyperparathyroidism?

Where is alkaline phosphatase found and indicative of?

Composition of enamel?

Bone, dentin, and cementum composition?