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Question 1
What is a stroke?
Sudden disruption of oxygen to the brain
Question 2
What is the 5th leading cause of death in the United States?
Stroke
Question 3
What percentage of stroke survivors experience no impairment?
10%
Question 4
What does the acronym FAST stand for in the context of recognizing a stroke emergency?
Face, Arms, Speech, Time
Question 5
What is Dementia?
A group of symptoms that include memory loss and difficulty with thinking and reasoning.
Question 6
What is the primary cause of Parkinson Disease?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons
Question 7
What are the three forms of Parkinson Disease?
Adult onset, Young, Juvenile
Question 8
What are the three main causes of Parkinson Disease?
Physical damage, Chemical exposure, Medications
Question 9
What are the symptoms of PD
rigidity tremors bradykinesia postural instability
Question 10
What is the 'wearing off phenomenon' in the context of Parkinson's disease?
temporary loss of motor function that occurs after taking a dose of medication leads to unpredictable movements and tremors
Question 11
What are Lewy bodies and where are they found in the brain?
Lewy bodies are accumulations of misfolded proteins found in neurons.
Question 12
What are the risk factors for Lewy Body Dementia?
Gender, age, and genetic disposition.
Question 13
What are beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the context of Alzheimer's disease?
deposits of a protein that accumulate in the brain while neurofibrillary tangles are twisted fibers of the tau protein that form inside neurons
Question 14
List the stages of Alzheimer's disease and their corresponding symptoms.
Preclinical: No outward symptoms Mild/Early: Cognitive impairment, memory loss Moderate/Middle: Patients get lost, difficulty with communication, behavioral changes Severe/Late: Need assistance with daily activities, difficulty walking and recognizing friends and family, behavioral changes; aggressive behavior
Question 15
What are the key dental considerations for patients with dementia?
Xerostomia, positive and supportive communication, 3-month recalls, avoid complex dental treatment, removal prosthesis may need to be taken away to prevent injury, referral to a dental specialist
Question 16
What is the first step in assessing mental capacity in dementia?
Determine if the patient is qualified to make rational decisions.
Question 17
What is the Power of Attorney in the context of patient consent?
A legally valid Power of Attorney or Court Appointed Deputy.
Question 18
What is epilepsy?
A group of disorders characterized by changes in neurologic function, altered consciousness, or involuntary movements.
Question 19
What are some common triggers for epilepsy?
Anxiety, fear, anger, bright lights, alcohol and drug abuse, dehydration and starvation, changes in the type or dosage of antiseizure medications.
Question 20
What are the oral findings associated with epilepsy?
Seizure-induced injury to the hard and soft tissues including TMJ dislocation, tooth displacement, soft tissue ulceration, and fracturing of teeth and/or dental restorations.
Question 21
What medications can cause changes to the soft tissues in patients with epilepsy?
Dilantin (Phenytoin) and Valproic acid.
Question 22
What is epilepsy?
A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
Question 23
What is Phenytoin-induced gingival enlargement?
A dental condition caused by the use of phenytoin, a medication used to treat epilepsy.
Question 24
What is the most common autoimmune disease involving the nervous system?
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Question 25
What are the two main symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
Demyelination of the corticospinal tract neurons and muscle atrophy
Question 26
In which age group does Multiple Sclerosis typically occur?
Young adults
Question 27
What are some dental considerations for patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
• Abnormal facial pain • ability to maintain oral health • dental treatment during phases of remission • short morning appointments • wheelchair accommodations • adverse reactions associated with drug
Question 28
What are the adverse reactions associated with drug therapy for MS patients?
Dry/burning mouth and susceptibility to infection.
Question 29
What are the main symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle weakness, vision problems, and balance issues.
Question 30
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) also known as?
Lou-Gehrig’s disease
Question 31
What are the key areas where motor neurons are lost in ALS?
Cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord
Question 32
What is the typical age range when ALS typically occurs?
50-70 years of age
Question 33
What is the average life span after diagnosis for ALS patients?
2.5-3 years
Question 34
What are the symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
• Hyperactive reflexes • loss of complex reflexes and dexterity • chronic drooling • issues with speech and swallowing • decrease in tongue size
Question 35
What is the contraindicated use of sedative drugs in the management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
Use of sedative drugs is contraindicated.
Question 36
What position should the patient be in for treatment of ALS?
The patient should be in the upright position.
Question 37
What is the difference between Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
MS: autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder; affects the brain and spinal cord by disrupting the myelin sheath ALS: progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects neurons in brain and spinal cord
Question 38
What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
A common congenital disability associated with damage to the brain.
Question 39
What are the clinical manifestations of Cerebral Palsy?
Poor motor control, abnormal gait, loss of ability to walk, difficulty with speech, swallowing, and excessive drooling.
Question 40
What are the types of cerebral palsy
Spastic: muscles stiff/tight; motor cortex damage, 70-80% Ataxic: shaky movements, cerebellum damage, 6% Dyskinetic: involuntary movements, basal ganglia damage, 6% Mixed: combo damage
Question 41
What are some dental considerations for patients with cerebral palsy?
Increased risk of dental caries, issues with manual dexterity, and muscle control challenges.