What are the three anatomical regions of the pancreas?

From which week does the pancreas begin developing?

What is the origin of the pancreas and when does it start secreting insulin?

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

What is the building block of the exocrine pancreas?

What are acinar cells responsible for?

What are ductal cells

What are the zymogens secreted by acinar cells for protein digestion?

What is the role of enterokinase in protein digestion?

Acinar cell role in carbohydrate digestion

Acinar cell role in lipid digestion

Acinar role in nucleic acid digestions

What is the role of bicarbonate in pancreatic ductal cell secretions?

How do chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in ductal secretions vary with pancreatic flow rate?

What are the three phases of pancreatic secretion regulation?

What is the strongest stimulator for pancreatic secretions?

What is the multiplicative effect in pancreatic secretion?

What is the inhibitor of pancreatic secretion?

What are the five different cell types in the endocrine pancreas and what hormones do they secrete?

What is the precursor of glucagon?

What enzyme is responsible for converting proglucagon into glucagon?

What is the physiological role of glucagon?

What are the stimuli that regulate glucagon secretion?

What is the primary function of the alpha cell in the pancreas?

Effects of glucagon on the brain

Effects of glucagon on the pancreas

Effects of glucagon on the liver

Effects of glucagon on brown adipose tissue

effects of glucagon on the heart

What is the function of Somatostatin?

Function of pancreatic polypeptide

Functions of Ghrelin

Function of amylin

What is the structure of proinsulin?

How is the endogenous insulin level determined?

What is the role of SGLT-1 in glucose transport?

What is the role of GLUT-2 in glucose transport?

What is GLUT2 and what does it do?

What is the effect of increased ATP/ADP ratio on insulin release?

What are the factors that increase insulin secretion?

What are the factors that decrease insulin secretion?

What is the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?

What are the key steps in insulin signaling?

Expression/Function of GLUT-1

Expression/Function of GLUT-2

Expression/Function of GLUT-3

What is the primary function of GLUT-4?

Where is GLUT-4 predominantly expressed?

What is the primary mediator of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake?

How does exercise affect insulin receptors?

How does insulin effect carbohydrate metabolism?

How does insulin effect lipid metabolism?

Insulin effects on protein metabolism

What is the common cause of acute pancreatitis in adults?

What is the common cause of chronic pancreatitis in children?

What is acute pancreatitis

What is chronic pancreatitis

Complications of Pancreatitis

What percentage of the US population has diabetes?

How many people have prediabetes in the US?

What are the increased risks associated with diabetes?

What is the goal of screening asymptomatic adults for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?

Diagnostic criterion for Diabetes Mellitus based on HbA1c?

Diagnostic criterion for Diabetes Mellitus based on Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)?

What is the definition of Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)?

HbA1C Levels

Fasting plasma glucose Levels

Non-fasting or Random glucose test levels

What is the Two-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

What are the normal and diabetic ranges for the OGTT in mg/dL?

What is the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

What percentage of diabetic patients have Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

What are the two main factors contributing to the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

What is the histological finding in the absence of insulin immunostaining?

What is the onset age range for diabetes TI diagnosis?

What percentage of insulin-secreting beta cells must be destroyed for diabetes symptoms to become obvious?

Diabetes Type 1 Pathophysiology

Clinical symptoms of T1D

Rationale for polydipsia in T1DM

Rationale for polyuria in T1DM?

What is the key difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

What is the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

What is the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

What is insulin resistance?

How does the pancreas respond to insulin resistance?

What is compensatory hyperinsulinemia?

What happens to beta cell function in diabetic patients over time?

What are the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes?

What is acanthosis nigricans?

What is the management strategy for Type 1 diabetes?

What is the first-line management strategy for Type 2 diabetes?

What is the blood glucose level that defines hypoglycemia?

What are the symptoms of autonomic system activation associated with hypoglycemia?

What are the neuroglycopenic symptoms associated with hypoglycemia?

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

What are the key pathophysiological steps in DKA?

What are the symptoms of DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)?

What are the precipitating events for DKA?

Management of DKA

What is the definition of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

What is Ketosis and how does it differ from Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

What is the pathophysiology of HHNKS?

What are the precipitating events for HHNKS?

What is the onset of the HHNKS?

Symptoms of HHNKS

What are the long-term complications of diabetes?

What is neuropathy in the context of diabetes?

What is the effect of hyperglycemia on the risk of infections?

Hyperglycemia + Infection risks are attributed to

What are the key factors contributing to xerostomia and hyposalivation in diabetes mellitus patients?

Diabetes+ xerostomia complications

What is the two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease?

What is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

What is the prevalence of GDM compared to Overt Diabetes?

What is the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes?

What are the complications of gestational diabetes?

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?

What are the two types of Diabetes Insipidus?