- small, fleshy elevation on the floor of the mouth
- located between the sublingual fold and submandibular gland
51
What are the minor salivary glands and where are they located?
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located throughout oral cavity, named for their location
52
What are the types of glands in the cheeks and lips and what do they secrete?
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- cheeks and lips = buccal + labial glands
- mixed serous and mucous
53
What are the glands in the hard and soft palate and what do they secrete?
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The glands in the hard and soft palate are palatine glands, and they secrete pure mucous.
54
How many different secretions do the lingual glands have based on location?
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3 different secretions based on location:
- anterior tip = mixed
- circumvallate papillae = serous
- tonsillar region = mucous
55
minor salivary gland structure + contribution
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- small cluster of acini and drained by a short duct
- about 5% of total saliva
56
In which week of prenatal development do the parotid glands appear?
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Early 6th week
57
What percentage of salivary gland tissue is lost with aging?
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30%-60%
58
What changes occur in the duct system during aging?
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Changes in the duct system occur
59
How does saliva production change in older individuals?
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- less stimulated saliva production
- more adipocytes
60
What is a mucocele?
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swelling caused by saliva retention in a minor salivary gland
61
What is a ranula?
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swelling caused by saliva retention in a sublingual or submandibular gland
62
What are the treatments for a mucocele and a ranula?
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Mucoceles = stone removal, surgical removal of the entire gland
Ranulas = stone removal or surgical removal of the entire gland
63
What is nicotinic stomatitis
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Hard palate whitened by hyper-keratinization from chronic heat
64
What does nicotinic stomatitis cuase
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inflammation of duct openings of minor salivary glands-dilated
65
What are the key properties of the thyroid gland?
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- Largest endocrine gland, ductless
- produces hormones directly into blood
- 2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus
- covered by a connective tissue capsule with septa dividing it into lobules
- each follicle is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium enclosing colloid
66
How many parathyroid glands are typically found and where are they located?
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- 4-8 small endocrine glands
- 2 on each side
- close to the thyroid or inside it on its posterior surface
67
What is the first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic development and from which it develops?
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thyroid gland, from endoderm invaded by mesenchyme
68
What is the origin of the thyroid gland and how does it migrate into the neck?
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- from the thyroglossal duct
- connects the median downgrowth at the base of the tongue to the normal position of the thyroid gland in the neck
69
What is the function of the foramen cecum and where is it located?
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- opening of the thyroglossal duct, a small pit-like depression
- at apex of the sulcus terminalis
- pointing backward toward the oropharynx
70
What is a goiter?
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- An enlarged thyroid gland
- may be visible during an extraoral examination
71
What are the characteristics of a goiter?
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firm and tender when palpated and may contain hard masses
72
What are lymph nodes and what is their function?
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bean-shaped bodies, filter toxic products from lymph
73
How are lymph nodes classified?
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primary or secondary nodes
Primary nodes drain into secondary nodes
What are palatine tonsils and where are they located?
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2 rounded masses of variable size between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars
80
What are the key components of each mass of intraoral tonsillar tissue?
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- contains fused-together lymphatic nodules
- usually have germinal centers
- 10-20 epithelial invaginations ā form tonsillar crypts
81
How do palatine tonsils contribute to tissue inflammation?
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- deep, branching crypts where oral bacteria/lymphocyte discharge get lodged
- leading to accumulation ā tissue inflammation
82
What is the location of the lingual tonsils?
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- Base of dorsal surface of the tongue
- posterior to the circumvallate lingual papillae
83
What is the function of the lymphoid tissue in the lingual tonsils?
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has lymphatic nodules with germinal centers and associated crypts
84
How do the crypts in the lingual tonsils open?
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non-branching and wide-mouthed, with ducts opening into them.
85
What distinguishes the pharyngeal tonsil from the lingual and palatine tonsils?
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Pharyngeal tonsil lacks crypts
86
What structure replaces the crypts in the pharyngeal tonsil?
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folds that appear as clefts in the mucosa
87
What is the function of the mixed gland in the pharyngeal tonsil?
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Drains the surface of the epithelium covering the gland
88
What is the primary function of tonsils?
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Lymphocytes production, or memory cells, that protect the body from foreign microorganisms.
89
What happens to some lymphocytes after they transform into T cells?
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Engulf bacteria or discharge substances to destroy them
90
What do other lymphocytes become after transforming into B cells?
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Differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, IgA
91
What is the Mallampati Score and how is it classified?
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- method used to assess the visibility of the oropharynx
- four classes based on the visibility of the soft palate, uvula, and tonsils
92
What are the four classes of the Mallampati Score?
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Class 1: Soft palate and uvula are visible
Class 2: Soft palate is visible, but the uvula is not
Class 3: Only the soft palate is visible
Class 4: None of the structures are visible
93
What is the nasal cavity and how is it divided?
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- inner space of nose that communicates with exterior through two nares
- divided by the midline nasal septum
- both bone and cartilage
94
What are the nasal conchae and what do they do?
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3 projecting structures on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- extend inward
- openings which paranasal sinuses/nasolacrimal ducts communicate with nasal cavity
95
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
96
What are the functions of goblet cells in the nasal cavity?
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Produce mucus to keep the mucosa moist, humid, and trap foreign materials
97
What is the role of the lamina propria in the nasal cavity?
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Extremely vascular and warms incoming breathed air
98
What are paranasal sinuses?
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Paired air-filled cavities in bone
99
What are the four main types of paranasal sinuses?
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Frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary sinuses
100
What is the histology of the paranasal sinuses?
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Lined with respiratory mucosa consisting of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
101
What is the development timeline for the maxillary sinuses?
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- Small at birth
- grow until puberty
- not fully developed until all permanent teeth have erupted in early adulthood
102
At what age do ethmoidal sinuses start to grow?
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6 to 8 years of age.
103
When do frontal and sphenoidal sinuses become visible on radiographs?
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By the seventh year.
104
What is maxillary sinusitis and how can it spread?
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- an infection of the maxillary sinus
- spreads from a periapical abscess
- associated with roots of a maxillary posterior tooth
105
What are the clinical considerations for maxillary sinusitis during an extraction?
Show answer
contaminated tooth/root fragments can be surgically displaced into the maxillary sinus