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🏠4. Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries

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Question Bank

1
What is the definition of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
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Temporary or permanent damage to the brain resulting from sudden and/or violent injury

2
What are the leading causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths by age group?
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• 0-4 years: Violent assault • 5-24 years: Motor vehicle accidents • 25-64 years: Intentional self-harm • 65+ years: Injuries from falling

3
What percentage of TBI-related deaths are caused by falls?
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28%

4
What are the four main causes of traumatic brain injury?
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• Blunt trauma • penetrating wounds • blast waves • accelerating/decelerating forces

5
What are the two main types of brain injury?
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Primary and Secondary

6
What are the subtypes of primary brain injury?
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Skull Injury, Blood Vessel Injury

7
What are the subtypes of skull injury?
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Dural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, Subarachnoid Hematoma

8
Subtypes of parenchymal injuries
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• brain contusion (coup and counter coup) • torque • diffuse axial injury

9
Subtypes of secondary brain injuries
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• seizures • increased intracranial pressure • cerebral herniation

10
What is a primary head injury?
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• occurs at the time of injury • focal or diffuse

11
What is a brain contusion?
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A localized area of tissue damage in the brain.

12
What are the two types of contusions in a brain injury?
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Coup: contusion at site of impact Countercoup: contusion opposite site of impact

13
What is torque in the context of traumatic brain injury?
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Twisting around the brain stem.

14
what is a diffuse axonal injury
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shearing/tearing on the axonal portion of neurons

15
What is a secondary head injury?
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occurs hours or days after the initial injury

16
What are the three main consequences of a secondary head injury?
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Seizures, increased intracranial pressure, and cerebral herniation.

17
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?
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to assess severity of TBI

18
What are the three components of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
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Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

19
What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?
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progressive degenerative disease of the brain associated with repetitive head trauma

20
How does CTE differ from a normal brain in appearance?
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CTE shows a more shrunken and discolored brain compared to a normal brain.

21
Signs of basilar skull fracture
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• periorbital edema (raccoon eyes) • bruise behind ear (battle sign) • CSF leakage from nose and ear • rhinorrhea • otorrhea

22
What is the term for bruising behind the ear in a basilar skull fracture?
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Battle sign

23
Types of trauma to oral and facial structures
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• Fracturing of the maxilla and mandible • dislocation of the TMJ • fracturing of teeth • avulsion • laceration of the oral soft tissues

24
What is the definition of quadriplegia?
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Impairment/loss of motor + sensory function in cervical segment of spinal cord, trunk, upper/lower extremities

25
What are the effects of a spinal cord injury on sensory and motor conduction?
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It can affect sensory and motor conduction.

26
What is paraplegia?
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Impairment/loss of motor + sensory function in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral parts of spinal cord

27
What are the effects of paraplegia?
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Loss of function in the trunk, legs, and pelvic region.

28
neurological diseases associated with TBI
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• Stroke • Parkinson’s Disease • Alzheimer’s Disease • Epilepsy • Multiple Sclerosis • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

29
What are the cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury?
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Memory loss, changes in speech, and developmental delay; loss of concentration and disinhibition

30
What are the behavioral and psychologic sequelae of traumatic brain injury?
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Depression, PTSD, anxiety, and insomnia

31
What are the physical disabilities associated with traumatic brain injury?
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Paralysis, hemiparesis, difficulty with processing sensory information, muscular weakness, and respiratory difficulty